Interesting tidbit: The damage calculation in P_MinotaurSlam had been incorrect for the Heretic version since the friendly Hexen Dark Servant was added, but nobody ever noticed in 14 years...
- Took the opportunity and fixed the logic for the Skull Rod's rain spawner. The old code which was part of the 3D floor submission was unable to work with portals at all. The new approach no longer tries to hide the dead projectile in the ceiling, it leaves it where it is and changes a few flags, so that its z-position can be used as reference to get the actual ceiling. This works for line portals, but for sector portals still requires some changes to sector_t::NextHighestCeilingAt to work, but at least this can be made to work unlike the old code.
- added names for the player-related translations to A_SetTranslation.
- fixed: Failure to resolve a function argument was checked for, too late.
- made the parameter for A_SetTranslation a name instead of a string, because it is more efficient. We do not need full strings here.
Needless to say, this is simply too volatile and would require constant active maintenance, not to mention a huge amount of work up front to get going.
It also hid a nasty problem with the Destroy method. Due to the way the garbage collector works, Destroy cannot be exposed to scripts as-is. It may be called from scripts but it may not be overridden from scripts because the garbage collector can call this function after all data needed for calling a scripted override has already been destroyed because if that data is also being collected there is no guarantee that proper order of destruction is observed. So for now Destroy is just a normal native method to scripted classes
- scriptified all Effect functions of Fastprojectile's children
- implemented access to class meta data.
- added a VM instruction to retrieve the class metadata, to eliminate the overhead of the function call that would otherwise be needed.
- made GetClass() a builtin so that it can use the new instruction
Important note about this commit: Scriptifying CFlameMissile::Effect revealed a problem with the virtual function interface: In order to work, this needs to be explicitly enabled for each single native class that may be used as a base for a scripted class. Needless to say, this will end up way too much work, as there are over 100 native classes, excluding those which will be scriptified. But in order to fix the problem this partially broken state needs to be committed first.
- fixed: FxAssignSelf did not the correct number of registers for vector operations.
- fixed a few asserts in vector2 instructions.
- turned the virtual AActor::HitFloor method into a flag MF7_SMASHABLE. The only use of this function was to kill Hexen's pottery when they hit the floor, and this looks like something that can be exposed to modders less clumsily.
basicinlines.h is only included in m_fixed.h, while basictypes.h is included only in headers, so it's better to respect this convention. OSX compiles fine also without m_fixed.h, even better.
- renamed APowerMorph::Player to avoid accidental confusion with AActor::player, which in scripting is the same due to case insensitvity.
- renamed save key for above variable.
This prevented any kind of error check on them.
Unfortunately, due to backwards compatibility needs, on DECORATE the missing class may not be fatal so a workaround had to be added to clear those bogus pointers later if they are discovered to be broken.
For ZScript, though, this will result in a compile error, which was the intention behind this change.
It turned out that the Boom method does not work well with portals and fixing it while keeping it doesn't look feasible - the entire approach was bad from the start.
Instead, let's use the same approach as P_XYMovement: Spawn the Lost Soul at the center of the PE, and then use multiple P_TryMoves to get it to its intended location.
This will check all blocking lines, just like Boom did, but it will also properly handle z-positioning and portal transitions.
- added new VARF_Transient flag so that the decision whether to serialize a field does not depend solely on its native status. It may actually make a lot of sense to use the auto-serializer for native fields, too, as this would eliminate a lot of maintenance code.
- defined (u)int8/16 as aliases to the byte and short types (Can't we not just get rid of this naming convention already...?)
- exporting the fields of Actor revealed a few name clashes between them and some global types, so Actor.Sector was renamed to CurSector and Actor.Inventory was renamed to Actor.Inv.
- refactored state bitfield members into a flag word because the address of a bitfield cannot be taken, making such variables inaccessible to scripts.
- actually use PNativeStruct for representing native structs defined in a script.
- fixed flag CVAR access. As it turned out, OP_LBIT is a bit messy to set up properly when accessing integers that may or may not be big endian, so it now uses a shift and bit masking to do its work.
- used the SpawnPlayerMissile call in A_FireBFG to test named arguments.
- fixed: The code generator had no good safeguards for exceeding the maximum amount of registers.
All there was was a handful of pitiful asserts which in production code do nothing at all but generate broken output.
Even worse, the VM was hardwired to at most 255 constants per type per function by storing the constant count in a byte! This has been extended to 65535, but since many instructions only have a byte available for the constant index, a workaround had to be added to do a two-instruction setup if larger indices are needed.
- added new VM instructions to access the constant tables with a variable index.
- refactored VMFunctionBuilder's constant tables so that they are not limited to one entry per value. While this works fine for single values, it makes it impossible to store constant arrays in here.
- implemented method calls from struct instances.
- optimized disassembly of VM call instructions to print the function's name at the end where it is more visible and does not need to be truncated. Also use the printable name for script functions here.
- implemented multiple-return-value assignment. Due to some grammar conflicts the originally intended Lua-inspired syntax of 'a, b = Function()' could not be done, so it's '[a, b] = Function()'
- made APlayerPawn::PlayAttacking(2) virtual script functions so that mods have better control over player animations. Note that these have no native base so they skip the templated interface for managing virtual functions.
- added a new type 'NativeStruct'. This will be used for types that cannot be instantiated, and is also needed to cleanly handle many internal types that only can exist as reference.
- changed Dehacked weapon function lookup to check the symbol table instead of directly referencing the VM functions. Once scriptified these pointers will no longer be available.
- removed all special ATAGs from the VM. While well intentioned any pointer tagged with them is basically unusable because it'd trigger asserts all over the place.
- scriptified A_Punch for testing pass-by-reference parameters and stack variables.
- gave OP_CONCAT some sane semantics. The way this was defined, by specifying the source operands as a range of registers instead of a pair like everything else made it completely useless for the task at hand.
- changed formatting for floats to %.5f which for normal output in a game makes more sense. For special cases there should be a special formatting function for ints and floats that can do more specialized conversions.
- make the pointer to string cast a bit more useful by using the actual object's type rather than 'Object' which can be a great asset when debugging.
- fixed a few bad asserts.
- fixed code generation for using local variables as array index. This must use a different register for the array element offset because the original register may not be overwritten.
- instead add a list of SpecialInits to VMScriptFunction so this can be done transparently when setting up and popping the stack frame. The only drawback is that this requires permanent allocation of stack objects for the entire lifetime of a function but this is a relatively small tradeoff for significantly reduced maintenance work throughout.
- removed most #include "vm.h", because nearly all files already pull this in through dobject.h.
- fixed several places in the code generator that did not consider locked registers for local variables: array indices, abs and floating point builtin functions.
- added some debug aids to the bounds opcode. Just triggering an exception here which loses all relevant info is perfectly useless in a debug situation.
- Implemented dummy CVar vid_renderer with a default value of 1. This allows mods not designed for the software renderer to run if sv_overridegetcvar is turned on.
- added a DActorIterator class.
- fixed: It was not possible to have functions of the same name in two different classes because the name they were searched for was not qualified by the class. Changed so that the class name is included now, but to avoid renaming several hundreds of functions all at once, if the search fails, it will repeat with 'Actor' as class name.
This commit contains preparations for scriptifying Hexen's Dragon, but that doesn't work yet so it's not included.
- preserve a state's source line information for the postprocessing phase so that the checker can output more useful information.
- added missing check for weapon psprites to DPSprite::SetState.
- added state usage specifiers to Actor and Inventory. The states in these classes must be set to full access so that any existing mod can link to them.
This appears to be the only case where an actor was set to a state owned by a completely unrelated actor which would present some problems with state owner checking in AActor::SetState, so let's better get rid of it ASAP.
I believe the only reason this wasn't changed when all actors were exported 8 years ago was that old binary DEHSUPP lump.
This could cause problems with functions that take states as parameters but use them to set them internally instead of passing them through the A_Jump interface back to the caller, like A_Chase or A_LookEx.
This required some quite significant refactoring because the entire state resolution logic had been baked into the compiler which turned out to be a major maintenance problem.
Fixed this by adding a new builtin type 'statelabel'. This is an opaque identifier representing a state, with the actual data either directly encoded into the number for single label state or an index into a state information table.
The state resolution is now the task of the called function as it should always have remained. Note, that this required giving back the 'action' qualifier to most state jumping functions.
- refactored most A_Jump checkers to a two stage setup with a pure checker that returns a boolean and a scripted A_Jump wrapper, for some simpler checks the checker function was entirely omitted and calculated inline in the A_Jump function. It is strongly recommended to use the boolean checkers unless using an inline function invocation in a state as they lead to vastly clearer code and offer more flexibility.
- let Min() and Max() use the OP_MIN and OP_MAX opcodes. Although these were present, these function were implemented using some grossly inefficient branching tests.
- the DECORATE 'state' cast kludge will now actually call ResolveState because a state label is not a state and needs conversion.
Now even in DECORATE it is possible to report most cases in which user variables are accessed from non-item states as an error. This will report all states which can be traced by a direct link from a special state label. It will not find states that only get used via A_Jump etc.
- since we now look for fields in the base class first the restriction check is no longer needed as it was for a different mode of looking up the identifier.
- In DECORATE we do not need to bother with non-action functions. Non-action functions cannot be defined from DECORATE so there's no need to check if we are in one.
- make the warning for unsafe access a debug message because this can affect legitimate code.
- Replaced GTK/OS X (note different from Cocoa) clipboard code with SDL clipboard API.
- Removed requirement to link to GTK in order to compile with GTK support.
- GTK is no longer init'd if the GTK IWAD picker is not used.
- Our usage of GTK is such that the dynamic loader can work with both GTK2 and GTK3 depending on what's installed.
- Since we're accumulating a lot of library loaders I've built a generic interface as FModule which replaces TOptWin32Proc and the loaders in the OpenAL and Fluidsynth code.
- fixed creation of direct function invocations on a state line. In order to receive the implicit arguments this needs to be wrapped into a compound statement so that the local variable getter works.
The proper setup for such classes was only done in CreateDerivedClass, but not in FindClassTentative itself. This extends CreateDerivedClass to allow it to create a class without fully initializing it.
- removed AMinotaurFriend::IsOkayToAttack. The condition it checks (i.e. friendliness with player) is already covered by the base version of this function so this is quite redundant.
- removed a few 'virtual' qualifiers from functions that never get overridden.
- If con_numnotify < 0, then there is no limit on the number of lines of
text.
- If con_numnotify == 0, then any text that would normally be shown in the
notification area is discarded.
- If con_numnotify > 0, then that is the maximum number of lines of
notification text to display.
Syntax-wise I chose to make it as strict as possible to reduce the chance of errors: Virtual base functions must be declared with the 'virtual' keyword, and overrides in child classes with the 'override' keyword. This way any mismatch in parameters that otherwise would cause silent failure will outright produce a compile error.
- made 'DamageMultiply' an actor property and moved the initialization of ConversationRoot to the property handler for the compiler to get this stuff out of the type classes.
- consolidate default initialization into one function which performs all the required setup. The original implementation did this when adding the fields but that cannot work because at that time no defaults have been created yet.
- fixed: When deriving a class the child class's defaults also must initialize the copied parent fields with special initialization. This part was completely missing.
- removed DECORATE code for parsing native classes because it's no longer needed.
- Since the number of small allocations here is extremely high this will help a lot to prevent fragmentation and since most nodes are collected up front and this is done when no large resources are being loaded it won't cause heap spikes.
let Emit methods delete FxExpression arrays when they are done.
- For some reason the deletion process does not work 100%, there are always some nodes left behind and so far I haven't found them. This ensures that these arrays do not live any longer than needed.
- fixed: The state cast hack for DECORATE could not properly create state constants.
Instead they were passed to FxRuntimeStateIndex without resolving them to something constant. This adds proper handling of constant indices within that class.
* use the function build list instead of the function to pass the info. The function is permanent so not the best place for compile-time info.
* pass along the current state index which is needed to calculate the target state.
- made some tests about calling script code from native functions.
* scriptified A_SkullAttack to have something to test
* changed the A_SkullAttack call in A_PainShootSkull.
* use a macro to declare the function pointer. Using local static variable init directly results in hideous code for the need of being thread-safe (which, even if the engine was made multithreaded is not needed here.)
* Importsnt node here: Apparently passing an actor pointer to the VMValue constructor results in the void * version being called, not the DObject * version.
- Polygons will be clipped to bottomclip. If this is zero or below, they
will be clipped to the bottom of the screen instead. This keeps the
polygons from overwriting the status bar border for sofware 2D. The
hardware version ignores it, since it always draws the status bar border
every frame.
Fix crash due to dc_source2 not always being set
Add r_lod_bias to control mipmap selection
Improve LOD calculations to take the U texture coordinate into account
- fixed: The state index comparison against 0 was broken.
- fixed: Resolving codegen nodes must set the strictness flag per function so that ZSCRIPT and DECORATE are done properly.
- added an 'exact' parameter to FThinkerIterator's Next function. This is mainly for scripting which allows to do a lot more checks natively when running the iterator while looking for one specific class.
This bypasses a declaration in the script in favor of a simpler implementation. In order to work it is always necessary to have an offset table to map the variables to, but doing it fully on the native side only requires adding the type to the declaration.
- fixed: divisions wasted one register for each operation due to a double allocation.
- changed math operations to use less registers. There was a well-intended change to allocate the destination first, but the better approach is to first allocate the operands and free then before allocating the destination register.
- added support for global variables to the code generator - not the compiler, though. For the handful of entries this is needed for it may just as well be done manually. So far FLevelLocals level is the only one being exported.
- fixed: The VM disassembler truncated 64 bit pointers to 15 digits because the output buffer was too small.
- resolve entire FxSequences instead of aborting on the first failed entry. This allows to output all errors at once.
* Revert "Modify CMPJMP to produce more compact code (as far as VC++ is concerned, anyway)"
This reverts commit 6ff973a06b.
This modification did not work and broke the comparisons. Actually this had three problems:
* the asserts checked the wrong instruction
* the mask was not applied to regular comparisons.
* incrementing PC before testing does not work because 'test' references the PC.
* Revert "Modify CMPJMP to produce more compact code (as far as VC++ is concerned, anyway)"
This reverts commit 6ff973a06b.
This modification did not work and broke the comparisons. Actually this had three problems:
* the asserts checked the wrong instruction
* the mask was not applied to regular comparisons.
* incrementing PC before testing does not work because 'test' references the PC.
Daedalus triggers this with a 0x85 character which in Windows CP 1252 is the ellipsis (...) The converter will assume ISO-8859-1, though, but cannot do anything with these characters because they map to the font being used here.
Daedalus triggers this with a 0x85 character which in Windows CP 1252 is the ellipsis (...) The converter will assume ISO-8859-1, though, but cannot do anything with these characters because they map to the font being used here.
- These require manual detection and overriding of the scaling factors to
0, because a right shift of (32-0) bits wraps around to 0 and results in
no shift at all rather than leaving the register zeroed out.
- dc_destorg is normally set to the upper-left corner of the view window.
If there is a border, then this won't coincide with the upper-left
corner of the screen, and DCanvas::FillSimplePoly would merrily write off
the end of the screen buffer.
- exported thinker iterator and drop item chain to scripting. Unlike its native counterpart the script-side iterator is wrapped into a DObject to allow proper handling for memory management.
- fixed: The VMFunctionBuilder only distinguished between member and action functions but failed on static ones.
- fixed: FxAssign did not add all needed type casts. Except for purely numeric types it will now wrap the expression in an FxTypeCast. Numeric handling remains unchanged for both performance reasons and not altering semantics for DECORATE.
- exported all internal flags as variables to scripting. They still cannot be used in an actor definition.
- make ATAG_STATE the same as ATAG_GENERIC. Since state pointers exist as actual variables they can take both values which on occasion can trigger some asserts.
- gave PClass a bExported flag, so that scripts cannot see purely internal classes. Especially the types like PInt can cause problems.
Todo: we need readonly references to safely expose the actor defaults. Right now some badly behaving code could overwrite them.
- Added initial state for "multiplayernext" to prevent possible initialization errors.
- Implemented "mpmap", "mpopen", and "mprecordmap". All 3 commands do exactly as their non-"mp" counterparts do, except they turn on multiplayer (botmode) emulation before doing so.
Added restriction of Require/Exclude to ZSDF (namespace = "ZDoom";).
A warning will be printed if a Require/Exclude block is detected in USDF (namespace = "Strife";).
Added two new sub-blocks for Choice blocks: Require and Exclude.
The syntax for both is the same as Cost blocks.
Require defines what item must be present in your inventory in order to show this choice/reply.
Exclude defines what item must not be present in your inventory in order to show this choice/reply.
If any Require/Exclude blocks are defined then this choice/reply will be hidden until all blocks of both types are satisfied.
- fixed: FxMinusSign trashed local variables that were used with negation.
- fixed: FxConditional only handled ints and floats, but not pointers and strings.
- fixed: A 'no states in non-actors' error was triggered, even for classes without any states.
- fixed several occurenced where vectors were treated as floats. NOTE: The entire codegen.cpp file needs to be carefully reviewed for bad use of the REGT_ constants, there's probably more places where using them has broken some type checks.
- fixed: committed test version of zscript.txt instead of changed actor.txt by accident.
Initialization and assignment for strings is working with this commit.
- removed the bogus optional value from the first A_Jump argument. A quick test with an older ZDoom revealed that this was never working - and implementing it would make things a lot more complicated, especially error checking in the code generator.
- fixed: The check for insufficient parameters to a function call was missing.
- removed mulv_kr and divv_kr instructions. The first are redundant and the second are useless. Maybe remove all other vector/const operations as well? They won't get used by the code generator.
- fixed disassembly of vector multiplication and division instructions.
- added initializer syntax for vectors. A vector can be set with vectorvar = (x,y,z); for a 3-dimensional vector and vectorvar = (x, y); for a 2-dimensional one.
- swapped parameters of two-parameter VelToAngle method, so that internal and script version are in line.
- fixed parameter asserts to handle NULL pointers properly.
- fixed: ZCCCompiler did not process array access nodes.
- fixed: Function argument names were not placed in the destination list by the compiler.
- scriptified several trivial functions from p_actionfunctions.cpp.
- disabled the assert in PType::GetRegType. This assert blocks any use to check for types that are incompatible with function parameters.
- pass the default parameter constants to the native functions. At the moment this is not used yet.
- use the function defaults to complete argument lists to script functions.
- fixed all default values that got flagged by the expression evaluator as non-constant. Most were state labels and colors which were defaulted to "". The proper value is null for states and 0 for colors.
- also replaced all "" defaults for names with "none".
This reverts commit 81449728d7.
Reverted because it compromises the IWAD file lookup and fixing it properly is not so trivial.
The skipping of adding the file name extension was not only broken, but even after fixing the code does not work if the IWADs are located outside the working directory.
This fixes an issue with DUMP 2 which looked for patches of the same name as the texture currently being defined and where the patches had the same use type as the composite texture. The function as implemented would only find the newly added composite and print an error.
- fixed: Script functions did not receive the function name when being created.
- relaxed the asserts for PARAM_STATE, because the VM knows nothing about ATAG_STATE. Any state variable's content (e.g. Actor.SeeState) will receive ATAG_GENERIC, rather than ATAG_STATE.
- added a 'NeedResult' flag so that certain operations can create shorter code if the result of the expression is not needed. So far only used for postdecrement/increment statements on local variables (which is the most frequent case where this matters.)
- fixed postincrement and decrement for local variables. Due to the result preservation semantics it created faulty code.
If done earlier they will not be able to detect overrides of sprites and graphics which are not part of the PATCHES lump. There was some fudging code to work around this problem but it was only partially working.
Now these textures only collect the texture name and use type during setup and resolve them after all textures have been created.
This was probably responsible for some weird behavior recently, but with the addition of the OF_Transient flag this outright crashed because it left NULL pointers on reload in places where they weren't checked for.
- synthesize PField entries from the flag list for AActor. This intentionally excludes the bounce flags for now.
- allow deprecated flags that do not call the deprecated flag handler.
- disallow constructs like (a = b) = c by not allowing an address request on an assignment operation.
- restrict modify/assign on boolean variables to the bit operators. Everything else needs to promote the result to an integer to make sense so it should be disallowed.
- removed 'self' as a dedicated token. Internally this gets handled as a normal but implicitly named variable so the token just gets in the way of proper processing.
- removed P_ prefix from SpawnMissile export.
- fixed a crash with misnamed function exports.
- added the above for the 'if' condition. It works for integers, floats and pointers and will save 3 instructions if the condition is a non-boolean that can be implicitly casted to bool.
- allow class extensions.
These are separate blocks in different files that get concatenated to one class body for processing. The reason is to allow spreading the many functions in Actor over multiple files, so that they remain manageable. For example, all the Doom action functions should be in their respective files, but their symbols need to be in Actor. To extend a class, both files need to be in the same translation unit, so it won't allow user-side extension of internal classes.
- added a TESTN instruction. This is like TEST but negates the operand. This was added to avoid flooding the constant table with too many case labels. With TEST and TESTN combined, all numbers between -65535 and 65535 can be kept entirely inside the instruction. Numbers outside this range still use a BEQ instruction.
- This was only visible when using a screen wipe because the initial frame wiped
to would clamp the pitch to whatever undefined pitch range the player
had before the proper range was received.
- Instead of calculating lighting based from the left edge of the wall
segment the decal was on, it was calculated from the left edge of the
wall instead.
- added master and tracer to the list of exported variables.
- fixed: 'none' as class type must map to the real null pointer so that it won't get rejected by the stricter type checks.
- added handling for member function calls to zcc_compile.cpp.
- fixed: FxMemberFunctionCall may not delete the self expression if it gets passed on to the actual function call.
- fixed emission of the self pointer in FxVMFunctionCall. I did not realize that the self expression only sets up a register for the value, not pushing it onto the stack.
This will restrict them to the only classes that may use them: Weapon and CustomInventory.
Note: Should a mod surface which uses them improperly the better solution would be a warning message and NULLing the bogus code pointer instead of leaving them in Inventory.
Ironically this only requires a very minor change in the calling code and an added member for the VMFunction to tell that code how many parameters to pass.
This change will allow to turn the vast majority of action functions into regular members, the only ones that still need to be an action function are the few that actually use the pointers.
This is not testable right now because finally the action function mess has come full circle. The current setup makes it impossible to call action functions from non-action functions because the needed info is local to the functions.
Long avoided, this needs to be refactored now so that the different semantics for action functions are no longer needed.
- VC++ generated horribly stupid code for x64 when incrementing pc at the
beginning of each instruction by storing hundreds of copies of it for
every opcode executed. Incrementing pc at the end avoids this madness.
- It is possible I messed something up with this change. Hopefully not.
- fixed: FxMemberIdentifier checked for ClassPointers instead of object pointers to resolve the left hand side of the expression.
- allow comparison of pointers.
This also means that for now Lua-style multi-assignments are disabled, those should be easy to enable by making some changes to the assignment_statement grammar so that it doesn't recognize single assignments, but for now this is low priority because it adds a significant amount of complexity to do this right with functions that have multiple return values.
The generated object code can definitely use an optimization pass but that's something left for later when more things are working. Right now it creates one opcode more than necessary for all member accesses (instead of using the offset in the store command it calculates an actual address of the variable in another address register) and can create one too many for non-constant expressions being assigned to local variables (a move between two registers because the emitted expression on the right hand side does not know that it can emit to the actual variable's register.)
- create proper variable data from the function prototype instead of assuming that there's just 3 pointers.
- added a printable name to VMScriptFunction for error output during gameplay in case something goes wrong.
All break and continue statements were collected in one list, and each loop statement taking hold of that entire list, including the breaks and continues from previous outer loops.
Changed it so that loop statements contain the jump addresses themselves and set a pointer in FCompileContext, so that the jump point can be set directly in the loop statement - and an error printed if there is none in the resolving stage, not the emitting one.
Consolidated the identical backpatching code of the three loop statement nodes into a subfunction.
- disable generation of the parser's trace file in debug builds.
This increases parsing time by a factor of 15 and is only needed when debugging a problem in the grammar.
- handle all binary operators which are already implemented in the code generator.
- implemented sizeof/alignof operators in code generator.
- rewrote RequestAddress so that its return value is not the writability of an address but the mere existence. Also changed it to not output errors itself because those cannot be dealt with by the calling function.
- added the '>>>' (unsigned shift) operator. Although, with unsigned numbers available, this is technically not really needed, DECORATE supports this so ZScript should, too, if only for the benefit of making conversion tools easier to handle.
- fixed: FxBinary::ResolveLR' check for numeric operations was incomplete. Like far too many other places it just assumed that everything with ValueType->GetRegType() == REGT_INT is a numeric type, but for names this is not the case.
These were previously faked with the inverse plus a boolean not. Although this works, it either leads to sub-optimal code generation or some fudging to avoid the inefficient handling.
Just adding proper handling to the parser seems the easiest and most straightforward way to get around this. The code generator already can deal with these operations properly so there's no good reason to do it differently.
