diff --git a/source/core/models/modeldata.cpp b/source/core/models/modeldata.cpp
index d1f684d38..173d63113 100644
--- a/source/core/models/modeldata.cpp
+++ b/source/core/models/modeldata.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "hw_voxels.h"
 #include "gamefuncs.h"
 #include "tiletexture.h"
+#include "buildtiles.h"
 
 #include "build.h"
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ int ModelManager::DefineFrame(int modelid, const char* framename, int tilenum, i
     mframe.framenum = frm;
     mframe.skinnum = skinnum;
     mframe.smoothduration = smoothduration;
-    auto key = FrameMapKey(tilenum, pal);
+    auto key = FrameMapKey(tileGetTextureID(tilenum), pal);
     frameMap.Insert(key, mframe);
     return key;
 }
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ int ModelManager::UndefineTile(int tile)
     // delete all entries from the map that reference this tile
     for (int i = 0; i < MAXPALOOKUPS; i++)
     {
-        frameMap.Remove(FrameMapKey(tile, i));
+        frameMap.Remove(FrameMapKey(tileGetTextureID(tile), i));
     }
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/source/core/models/modeldata.h b/source/core/models/modeldata.h
index 7a4725d4c..a617e8062 100644
--- a/source/core/models/modeldata.h
+++ b/source/core/models/modeldata.h
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ struct ModelManager
 	TArray<ModelDescriptor> modelDescs;
 	TMap<unsigned, ModelTileFrame> frameMap;
 
-	unsigned FrameMapKey(unsigned tilenum, unsigned palette)
+	unsigned FrameMapKey(FTextureID tilenum, unsigned palette)
 	{
-		return tilenum + (palette < 16);	// good enough for now - should later be redirected to the underlying texture ID.
+		return tilenum.GetIndex() + (palette < 20);
 	}
 
 	// Interface for the .def parser
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ struct ModelManager
 	int DefineHud(int modelid, int tilex, FVector3 add, int angadd, int flags, int fov);
 	int UndefineTile(int tile);
 	int UndefineModel(int modelid);
-	bool CheckModel(int tilenum, int pal)
+	bool CheckModel(FTextureID tilenum, int pal)
 	{
 		return frameMap.CheckKey(FrameMapKey(tilenum, pal)) != nullptr;
 	}
-	ModelTileFrame* GetModel(int tilenum, int pal)
+	ModelTileFrame* GetModel(FTextureID tilenum, int pal)
 	{
 		return frameMap.CheckKey(FrameMapKey(tilenum, pal));
 	}
diff --git a/source/core/rendering/scene/hw_drawinfo.cpp b/source/core/rendering/scene/hw_drawinfo.cpp
index b2e11a414..bd0df60ce 100644
--- a/source/core/rendering/scene/hw_drawinfo.cpp
+++ b/source/core/rendering/scene/hw_drawinfo.cpp
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ void HWDrawInfo::DispatchSprites()
 
 		if (!(actor->sprext.renderflags & SPREXT_NOTMD) && !(tspr->cstat2 & CSTAT2_SPRITE_NOMODEL))
 		{
-			auto pt = modelManager.GetModel(tspr->picnum, tspr->pal);
+			auto pt = modelManager.GetModel(tspr->spritetexture(), tspr->pal);
 			if (hw_models && pt && pt->modelid >= 0 && pt->framenum >= 0)
 			{
 				//HWSprite hwsprite;
diff --git a/source/games/blood/src/animatesprite.cpp b/source/games/blood/src/animatesprite.cpp
index e25cadd00..9c9e86136 100644
--- a/source/games/blood/src/animatesprite.cpp
+++ b/source/games/blood/src/animatesprite.cpp
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ void viewProcessSprites(tspriteArray& tsprites, const DVector3& cPos, DAngle cA,
 		case 6:
 		case 7:
 		{
-			if (hw_models && modelManager.CheckModel(pTSprite->picnum, pTSprite->pal) && !(owneractor->sprext.renderflags & SPREXT_NOTMD))
+			if (hw_models && modelManager.CheckModel(pTSprite->spritetexture(), pTSprite->pal) && !(owneractor->sprext.renderflags & SPREXT_NOTMD))
 				break;
 
 			// Can be overridden by def script
diff --git a/source/games/duke/src/animatesprites.cpp b/source/games/duke/src/animatesprites.cpp
index 3ef4cea94..e963c3b8a 100644
--- a/source/games/duke/src/animatesprites.cpp
+++ b/source/games/duke/src/animatesprites.cpp
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ void drawshadows(tspriteArray& tsprites, tspritetype* t, DDukeActor* h)
 			shadowspr->pos.Z = floorz;
 			shadowspr->pal = 4;
 
-			if (hw_models && modelManager.CheckModel(t->picnum, t->pal))
+			if (hw_models && modelManager.CheckModel(t->spritetexture(), t->pal))
 			{
 				shadowspr->scale.Y = (0);
 				// 512:trans reverse
-				//1024:tell MD2SPRITE.C to use Z-buffer hacks to hide overdraw issues
+				//1024:tell MD2SPRITE.C to use Z-buffer hacks to hide overdraw issues (todo: use a stencil to do this right.)
 				shadowspr->clipdist |= TSPR_FLAGS_MDHACK;
 				shadowspr->cstat |= CSTAT_SPRITE_TRANS_FLIP;
 			}