diff --git a/include/r_internal.h b/include/r_internal.h
index 456c4572a..8b43dac0a 100644
--- a/include/r_internal.h
+++ b/include/r_internal.h
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void R_LoadSkys (const char *);
 
 void R_ClearEfrags (void);
 
-void R_FindNearLights (const vec3_t pos, int count, dlight_t **lights);
+void R_FindNearLights (vec4f_t pos, int count, dlight_t **lights);
 dlight_t *R_AllocDlight (int key);
 void R_DecayLights (double frametime);
 void R_ClearDlights (void);
@@ -78,8 +78,9 @@ void R_MarkLeaves (void);
 void GL_SetPalette (void *data, const byte *palette);
 void GLSL_SetPalette (void *data, const byte *palette);
 
-int R_BillboardFrame (struct entity_s *ent, int orientation, const vec3_t cameravec,
-					  vec3_t bbup, vec3_t bbright, vec3_t bbfwd);
+int R_BillboardFrame (struct entity_s *ent, int orientation,
+					  vec4f_t cameravec,
+					  vec4f_t *bbup, vec4f_t *bbright, vec4f_t *bbfwd);
 mspriteframe_t *R_GetSpriteFrame (const msprite_t *sprite,
 								  const struct animation_s *animation);
 
diff --git a/include/r_local.h b/include/r_local.h
index d5ca6113c..e6a068501 100644
--- a/include/r_local.h
+++ b/include/r_local.h
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ void R_DrawEntitiesOnList (struct entqueue_s *queue);
 
 extern	plane_t	screenedge[4];
 
-extern	vec3_t	r_entorigin;
+extern	vec4f_t r_entorigin;
 
 extern	int		r_visframecount;
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ void R_TimeRefresh_f (void);
 void R_PrintAliasStats (void);
 void R_PrintTimes (void);
 void R_AnimateLight (void);
-int R_LightPoint (mod_brush_t *brush, const vec3_t p);
+int R_LightPoint (mod_brush_t *brush, vec4f_t p);
 void R_SetupFrame (void);
 void R_cshift_f (void);
 void R_EmitEdge (mvertex_t *pv0, mvertex_t *pv1);
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_alias.c b/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_alias.c
index 1ba1f64ab..a66cccbd1 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_alias.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_alias.c
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ gl_R_DrawAliasModel (entity_t *e)
 	if (scale[0] != 1.0) {
 		radius *= scale[0];
 	}
-	if (R_CullSphere (r_refdef.frustum, &origin[0], radius)) {//FIXME
+	if (R_CullSphere (r_refdef.frustum, (vec_t*)&origin, radius)) {//FIXME
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ gl_R_DrawAliasModel (entity_t *e)
 		float lightadj;
 
 		// get lighting information
-		R_LightPoint (&r_refdef.worldmodel->brush, &origin[0]);//FIXME
+		R_LightPoint (&r_refdef.worldmodel->brush, origin);//FIXME
 
 		lightadj = (ambientcolor[0] + ambientcolor[1] + ambientcolor[2]) / 765.0;
 
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_sprite.c b/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_sprite.c
index 0f710a0b4..36b5ba633 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_sprite.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/gl/gl_mod_sprite.c
@@ -71,8 +71,7 @@ R_DrawSpriteModel_f (entity_t *e)
 	// don't bother culling, it's just a single polygon without a surface cache
 	frame = R_GetSpriteFrame (sprite, &e->animation);
 
-	if (!R_BillboardFrame (e, sprite->type, &cameravec[0],
-						   &up[0], &right[0], &pn[0])) {
+	if (!R_BillboardFrame (e, sprite->type, cameravec, &up, &right, &pn)) {
 		// the orientation is undefined so can't draw the sprite
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_alias.c b/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_alias.c
index b7b50eb3b..7d94f6029 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_alias.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_alias.c
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ calc_lighting (entity_t *ent, float *ambient, float *shadelight,
 	entorigin = Transform_GetWorldPosition (ent->transform);
 
 	VectorSet ( -1, 0, 0, lightvec);	//FIXME
-	light = R_LightPoint (&r_refdef.worldmodel->brush, &entorigin[0]);
+	light = R_LightPoint (&r_refdef.worldmodel->brush, entorigin);
 	*ambient = max (light, max (ent->renderer.model->min_light,
 								ent->renderer.min_light) * 128);
 	*shadelight = *ambient;
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_iqm.c b/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_iqm.c
index 2978534d3..056ac85fb 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_iqm.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_iqm.c
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ glsl_R_DrawIQM (entity_t *ent)
 	entorigin = mat[3];
 	mmulf (mvp_mat, iqm_vp, mat);
 
-	R_LightPoint (&r_refdef.worldmodel->brush, &entorigin[0]);//FIXME min_light?
+	R_LightPoint (&r_refdef.worldmodel->brush, entorigin);//FIXME min_light?
 	VectorScale (ambientcolor, 1/255.0, ambientcolor);
-	R_FindNearLights (&entorigin[0], MAX_IQM_LIGHTS, lights);//FIXME
+	R_FindNearLights (entorigin, MAX_IQM_LIGHTS, lights);
 
 	blend = R_IQMGetLerpedFrames (ent, iqm);
 	frame = R_IQMBlendFrames (iqm, ent->animation.pose1, ent->animation.pose2,
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_sprite.c b/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_sprite.c
index 196b99a73..913217cfe 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_sprite.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/glsl/glsl_sprite.c
@@ -227,8 +227,7 @@ glsl_R_DrawSprite (entity_t *ent)
 	vec4f_t     origin = Transform_GetWorldPosition (ent->transform);
 	cameravec = r_refdef.frame.position - origin;
 
-	if (!R_BillboardFrame (ent, sprite->type, &cameravec[0],
-						   &sup[0], &sright[0], &spn[0])) {
+	if (!R_BillboardFrame (ent, sprite->type, cameravec, &sup, &sright, &spn)) {
 		// the orientation is undefined so can't draw the sprite
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/r_billboard.c b/libs/video/renderer/r_billboard.c
index bd0afa7d1..9fe3653bd 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/r_billboard.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/r_billboard.c
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@
 
 
 int
-R_BillboardFrame (entity_t *ent, int orientation, const vec3_t cameravec,
-				  vec3_t bbup, vec3_t bbright, vec3_t bbfwd)
+R_BillboardFrame (entity_t *ent, int orientation, vec4f_t cameravec,
+				  vec4f_t *bbup, vec4f_t *bbright, vec4f_t *bbfwd)
 {
-	vec3_t      tvec;
+	vec4f_t     tvec;
 	float       dot;
 
 	switch (orientation) {
@@ -57,23 +57,21 @@ R_BillboardFrame (entity_t *ent, int orientation, const vec3_t cameravec,
 			// the billboard has its up vector parallel with world up, and
 			// its right vector perpendicular to cameravec.
 			// Undefined if the camera is too close to the entity.
-			VectorNegate (cameravec, tvec);
-			VectorNormalize (tvec);
+			tvec = -normalf (cameravec);
 			dot = tvec[2];		// DotProduct (tvec, world up)
 			if ((dot > 0.999848) || (dot < -0.999848))	// cos(1 degree)
 				return 0;
-			VectorSet (0, 0, 1, bbup);
+			*bbup = (vec4f_t) { 0, 0, 1, 0 };
 			//CrossProduct(bbup, -cameravec, bbright)
-			VectorSet (tvec[1], -tvec[0], 0, bbright);
-			VectorNormalize (bbright);
+			*bbright = normalf ((vec4f_t) { tvec[1], -tvec[0], 0, 0 });
 			//CrossProduct (bbright, bbup, bbfwd)
-			VectorSet (-bbright[1], bbright[0], 0, bbfwd);
+			*bbfwd = (vec4f_t) { -(*bbright)[1], (*bbright)[0], 0, 0};
 			break;
 		case SPR_VP_PARALLEL:
 			// the billboard always has the same orientation as the camera
-			VectorCopy (r_refdef.frame.up, bbup);
-			VectorCopy (r_refdef.frame.right, bbright);
-			VectorCopy (r_refdef.frame.forward, bbfwd);
+			*bbup = r_refdef.frame.up;
+			*bbright = r_refdef.frame.right;
+			*bbfwd = r_refdef.frame.forward;
 			break;
 		case SPR_VP_PARALLEL_UPRIGHT:
 			// the billboar has its up vector parallel with world up, and
@@ -82,10 +80,10 @@ R_BillboardFrame (entity_t *ent, int orientation, const vec3_t cameravec,
 			dot = r_refdef.frame.forward[2];
 			if ((dot > 0.999848) || (dot < -0.999848))	// cos(1 degree)
 				return 0;
-			VectorSet (0, 0, 1, bbup);
-			VectorSet (r_refdef.frame.forward[1], -r_refdef.frame.forward[0], 0, bbright);
-			VectorNormalize (bbright);
-			VectorSet (-bbright[1], bbright[0], 0, bbfwd);
+			*bbup = (vec4f_t) { 0, 0, 1, 0 };
+			*bbright = normalf ((vec4f_t) {r_refdef.frame.forward[1],
+										   -r_refdef.frame.forward[0], 0, 0 });
+			*bbfwd = (vec4f_t) { -(*bbright)[1], (*bbright)[0], 0, 0};
 			break;
 		case SPR_ORIENTED:
 			{
@@ -93,9 +91,9 @@ R_BillboardFrame (entity_t *ent, int orientation, const vec3_t cameravec,
 				// entity's orientation.
 				mat4f_t     mat;
 				Transform_GetWorldMatrix (ent->transform, mat);
-				VectorCopy (mat[0], bbfwd);
-				VectorNegate (mat[1], bbright);
-				VectorCopy (mat[2], bbup);
+				*bbfwd = mat[0];
+				*bbright = mat[1];
+				*bbup = mat[2];
 			}
 			break;
 		case SPR_VP_PARALLEL_ORIENTED:
@@ -108,9 +106,9 @@ R_BillboardFrame (entity_t *ent, int orientation, const vec3_t cameravec,
 				// FIXME needs proper testing (need to find, make, or fake a
 				// parallel oriented sprite)
 				mmulf (spmat, r_refdef.camera, entmat);
-				VectorCopy (spmat[0], bbfwd);
-				VectorNegate (spmat[1], bbright);
-				VectorCopy (spmat[1], bbup);
+				*bbfwd = spmat[0];
+				*bbright = spmat[1];
+				*bbup = spmat[2];
 			}
 			break;
 		default:
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/r_light.c b/libs/video/renderer/r_light.c
index 6356d4c2b..d9a96915e 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/r_light.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/r_light.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ vec3_t      ambientcolor;
 unsigned int r_maxdlights;
 
 void
-R_FindNearLights (const vec3_t pos, int count, dlight_t **lights)
+R_FindNearLights (vec4f_t pos, int count, dlight_t **lights)
 {
 	float      *scores = alloca (count * sizeof (float));
 	float       score;
@@ -399,8 +399,8 @@ calc_lighting_3 (msurface_t  *surf, int ds, int dt)
 }
 
 static int
-RecursiveLightPoint (mod_brush_t *brush, mnode_t *node, const vec3_t start,
-					 const vec3_t end)
+RecursiveLightPoint (mod_brush_t *brush, mnode_t *node, vec4f_t start,
+					 vec4f_t end)
 {
 	unsigned    i;
 	int         r, s, t, ds, dt, side;
@@ -408,7 +408,6 @@ RecursiveLightPoint (mod_brush_t *brush, mnode_t *node, const vec3_t start,
 	plane_t    *plane;
 	msurface_t *surf;
 	mtexinfo_t *tex;
-	vec3_t      mid;
 loop:
 	if (node->contents < 0)
 		return -1;						// didn't hit anything
@@ -425,9 +424,7 @@ loop:
 	}
 
 	frac = front / (front - back);
-	mid[0] = start[0] + (end[0] - start[0]) * frac;
-	mid[1] = start[1] + (end[1] - start[1]) * frac;
-	mid[2] = start[2] + (end[2] - start[2]) * frac;
+	vec4f_t     mid = start + (end - start) * frac;
 
 	// go down front side
 	r = RecursiveLightPoint (brush, node->children[side], start, mid);
@@ -476,22 +473,16 @@ loop:
 }
 
 int
-R_LightPoint (mod_brush_t *brush, const vec3_t p)
+R_LightPoint (mod_brush_t *brush, vec4f_t p)
 {
-	vec3_t      end;
-	int         r;
-
 	if (!brush->lightdata) {
 		// allow dlights to have some effect, so don't go /quite/ fullbright
 		ambientcolor[2] = ambientcolor[1] = ambientcolor[0] = 200;
 		return 200;
 	}
 
-	end[0] = p[0];
-	end[1] = p[1];
-	end[2] = p[2] - 2048;
-
-	r = RecursiveLightPoint (brush, brush->nodes, p, end);
+	vec4f_t     end = p - (vec4f_t) { 0, 0, 2048, 0 };
+	int         r = RecursiveLightPoint (brush, brush->nodes, p, end);
 
 	if (r == -1)
 		r = 0;
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/r_main.c b/libs/video/renderer/r_main.c
index c93c8f467..a32826dff 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/r_main.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/r_main.c
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ int         r_framecount = 1;			// so frame counts initialized to 0 don't match
 vec3_t      modelorg;			// modelorg is the viewpoint relative to
 								// the currently rendering entity
 vec3_t      base_modelorg;
-vec3_t      r_entorigin;		// the currently rendering entity in world
+vec4f_t     r_entorigin;		// the currently rendering entity in world
 								// coordinates
 // screen size info
 refdef_t    r_refdef;
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/sw/sw_rsprite.c b/libs/video/renderer/sw/sw_rsprite.c
index 5f09dea40..f5e612dfb 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/sw/sw_rsprite.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/sw/sw_rsprite.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ spritedesc_t r_spritedesc;
 
 
 static void
-R_RotateSprite (const vec3_t relvieworg, float beamlength, vec3_t org)
+R_RotateSprite (vec4f_t relvieworg, float beamlength, vec3_t org)
 {
 	vec3_t      vec;
 
@@ -244,25 +244,27 @@ void
 R_DrawSprite (entity_t *ent)
 {
 	msprite_t  *sprite = ent->renderer.model->cache.data;
-	vec3_t      relvieworg;
 
-	VectorSubtract (r_refdef.frame.position, r_entorigin, relvieworg);
+	vec4f_t     cameravec = r_refdef.frame.position - r_entorigin;
 
 	r_spritedesc.pspriteframe = R_GetSpriteFrame (sprite, &ent->animation);
 
 	sprite_width = r_spritedesc.pspriteframe->width;
 	sprite_height = r_spritedesc.pspriteframe->height;
 
-	if (!R_BillboardFrame (ent, sprite->type, relvieworg,
-						   r_spritedesc.vup,
-						   r_spritedesc.vright,
-						   r_spritedesc.vfwd)) {
+	vec4f_t     up = {};
+	vec4f_t     right = {};
+	vec4f_t     fwd = {};
+	if (!R_BillboardFrame (ent, sprite->type, cameravec, &up, &right, &fwd)) {
 		// the orientation is undefined so can't draw the sprite
 		return;
 	}
+	VectorCopy (up, r_spritedesc.vup);//FIXME
+	VectorCopy (right, r_spritedesc.vright);
+	VectorCopy (fwd, r_spritedesc.vfwd);
 
 	vec3_t      org;
-	R_RotateSprite (relvieworg, sprite->beamlength, org);
+	R_RotateSprite (cameravec, sprite->beamlength, org);
 
 	R_SetupAndDrawSprite (org);
 }
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_lighting.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_lighting.c
index b34d70e38..83a8ee061 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_lighting.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_lighting.c
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ update_lights (vulkan_ctx_t *ctx)
 	light_data->distFactor2 = 1 / 16384.0;
 
 	light_data->lightCount = 0;
-	R_FindNearLights (&r_refdef.frame.position[0], MaxLights - 1, lights);
+	R_FindNearLights (r_refdef.frame.position, MaxLights - 1, lights);
 	for (int i = 0; i < MaxLights - 1; i++) {
 		if (!lights[i]) {
 			break;
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_sprite.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_sprite.c
index 77c02d30c..c01ddb329 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_sprite.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/vulkan_sprite.c
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ Vulkan_DrawSprite (entity_t *ent, qfv_renderframe_t *rFrame)
 
 	mat[3] = Transform_GetWorldPosition (ent->transform);
 	vec4f_t     cameravec = r_refdef.frame.position - mat[3];
-	R_BillboardFrame (ent, sprite->type, &cameravec[0],
-					  &mat[2][0], &mat[1][0], &mat[0][0]);
+	R_BillboardFrame (ent, sprite->type, cameravec,
+					  &mat[2], &mat[1], &mat[0]);
 	mat[0] = -mat[0];
 
 	emit_commands (sframe->cmdSet.a[QFV_spriteDepth],