diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/buffer.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/buffer.h
index ef11ae8b7..9346d0466 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/buffer.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/buffer.h
@@ -1,57 +1,43 @@
 #ifndef __QF_Vulkan_buffer_h
 #define __QF_Vulkan_buffer_h
 
-typedef struct qfv_buffer_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkBuffer    buffer;
-} qfv_buffer_t;
+#include "QF/darray.h"
 
 typedef struct qfv_buffertransition_s {
-	qfv_buffer_t *buffer;
+	VkBuffer    buffer;
 	VkAccessFlags srcAccess;
 	VkAccessFlags dstAccess;
-	uint32_t      srcQueueFamily;
-	uint32_t      dstQueueFamily;
-	VkDeviceSize  offset;
-	VkDeviceSize  size;
-} qfv_buffertransition_t;
-
-typedef struct qfv_bufferbarrierset_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	uint32_t    numBarriers;
-	VkBufferMemoryBarrier *barriers;
-} qfv_bufferbarrierset_t;
-
-typedef struct qfv_bufferview_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkBufferView view;
-	qfv_buffer_t *buffer;
-	VkFormat    format;
+	uint32_t    srcQueueFamily;
+	uint32_t    dstQueueFamily;
 	VkDeviceSize offset;
 	VkDeviceSize size;
-} qfv_bufferview_t;
+} qfv_buffertransition_t;
+
+typedef struct qfv_buffertransitionset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (qfv_buffertransition_t) qfv_buffertransitionset_t;
+typedef struct qfv_bufferbarrierset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (VkBufferMemoryBarrier) qfv_bufferbarrierset_t;
 
 struct qfv_device_s;
-qfv_buffer_t *QFV_CreateBuffer (struct qfv_device_s *device,
-								VkDeviceSize size,
-								VkBufferUsageFlags usage);
+VkBuffer QFV_CreateBuffer (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+						   VkDeviceSize size,
+						   VkBufferUsageFlags usage);
 
-struct qfv_memory_s *QFV_AllocBufferMemory (qfv_buffer_t *buffer,
-									 VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
-									 VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset);
+VkDeviceMemory QFV_AllocBufferMemory (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+									  VkBuffer buffer,
+									  VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
+									  VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset);
 
-int QFV_BindBufferMemory (qfv_buffer_t *buffer, struct qfv_memory_s *memory,
+int QFV_BindBufferMemory (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+						  VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceMemory object,
 						  VkDeviceSize offset);
 
 qfv_bufferbarrierset_t *
-QFV_CreateBufferTransitionSet (qfv_buffertransition_t **transitions,
-							   int numTransitions);
+QFV_CreateBufferTransitions (qfv_buffertransition_t *transitions,
+							 int numTransitions);
 
-qfv_bufferview_t *QFV_CreateBufferView (qfv_buffer_t *buffer, VkFormat format,
-										VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size);
-
-void QFV_DestroyBufferView (qfv_bufferview_t *view);
-
-void QFV_DestroyBuffer (qfv_buffer_t *buffer);
+VkBufferView QFV_CreateBufferView (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+								   VkBuffer buffer, VkFormat format,
+								   VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size);
 
 #endif//__QF_Vulkan_buffer_h
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/command.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/command.h
index 7ef36a7f4..046c8b2b3 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/command.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/command.h
@@ -1,128 +1,33 @@
 #ifndef __QF_Vulkan_command_h
 #define __QF_Vulkan_command_h
 
-typedef struct qfv_cmdpool_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkCommandPool cmdpool;
-} qfv_cmdpool_t;
+#include "QF/darray.h"
 
-typedef struct qfv_cmdbuffer_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkCommandBuffer *buffer;
-} qfv_cmdbuffer_t;
+typedef struct qfv_cmdbufferset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (VkCommandBuffer) qfv_cmdbufferset_t;
 
-typedef struct qfv_cmdbufferset_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	qfv_cmdbuffer_t **buffers;
-	VkCommandBuffer *vkBuffers;
-	VkCommandPool cmdpool;
-	int         numBuffers;
-} qfv_cmdbufferset_t;
+typedef struct qfv_semaphoreset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (VkSemaphore) qfv_semaphoreset_t;
 
-typedef struct qfv_semaphore_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkSemaphore semaphore;
-} qfv_semaphore_t;
-
-typedef struct qfv_semaphoreset_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	qfv_semaphore_t **semaphores;
-	VkSemaphore *vkSemaphores;
-	VkPipelineStageFlags *stages;
-	int         numSemaphores;
-} qfv_semaphoreset_t;
-
-typedef struct qfv_fence_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkFence     fence;
-} qfv_fence_t;
-
-typedef struct qfv_fenceset_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	qfv_fence_t **fences;
-	VkFence    *vkFences;
-	int         numFences;
-} qfv_fenceset_t;
+typedef struct qfv_fenceset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (VkFence) qfv_fenceset_t;
 
 struct qfv_queue_s;
-qfv_cmdpool_t *QFV_CreateCommandPool (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+struct qfv_device_s;
+VkCommandPool QFV_CreateCommandPool (struct qfv_device_s *device,
 									  uint32_t queueFamily,
 									  int transient, int reset);
-int QFV_ResetCommandPool (qfv_cmdpool_t *pool, int release);
-void QFV_DestroyCommandPool (qfv_cmdpool_t *pool);
-qfv_cmdbufferset_t *QFV_AllocateCommandBuffers (qfv_cmdpool_t *pool,
+qfv_cmdbufferset_t *QFV_AllocateCommandBuffers (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+												VkCommandPool pool,
 											    int secondary, int count);
-void QFV_FreeCommandBuffers (qfv_cmdbufferset_t *buffer);
-int QFV_BeginCommandBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *buffer, int oneTime,
-							int rpContinue, int simultaneous,
-							VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo *inheritanceInfo);
-int QFV_EndCommandBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *buffer);
-int QFV_ResetCommandBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *buffer, int release);
 
-qfv_semaphore_t *QFV_CreateSemaphore (struct qfv_device_s *device);
-qfv_semaphoreset_t *QFV_CreateSemaphoreSet (qfv_semaphore_t **semaphores,
-											int numSemaphores);
-void QFV_DestroySemaphore (qfv_semaphore_t *semaphore);
-// NOTE: does not destroy semaphores
-void QFV_DestroySemaphoreSet (qfv_semaphoreset_t *semaphores);
-qfv_fence_t *QFV_CreateFence (struct qfv_device_s *device, int signaled);
-qfv_fenceset_t *QFV_CreateFenceSet (qfv_fence_t **fences, int numFences);
-void QFV_DestroyFence (qfv_fence_t *fence);
-// NOTE: does not destroy fences
-void QFV_DestroyFenceSet (qfv_fenceset_t *fenceset);
-int QFV_WaitForFences (qfv_fenceset_t *fenceset, int all, uint64_t timeout);
-int QFV_WaitForFence (qfv_fence_t *fence, uint64_t timeout);
-int QFV_ResetFences (qfv_fenceset_t *fenceset);
-int QFV_ResetFence (qfv_fence_t *fence);
+VkSemaphore QFV_CreateSemaphore (struct qfv_device_s *device);
+VkFence QFV_CreateFence (struct qfv_device_s *device, int signaled);
 int QFV_QueueSubmit (struct qfv_queue_s *queue,
 					 qfv_semaphoreset_t *waitSemaphores,
+					 VkPipelineStageFlags *stages,
 					 qfv_cmdbufferset_t *buffers,
-					 qfv_semaphoreset_t *signalSemaphores, qfv_fence_t *fence);
+					 qfv_semaphoreset_t *signalSemaphores, VkFence fence);
 int QFV_QueueWaitIdle (struct qfv_queue_s *queue);
 
-struct qfv_memorybarrierset_s;
-struct qfv_bufferbarrierset_s;
-struct qfv_imagebarrierset_s;
-void QFV_CmdPipelineBarrier (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-							 VkPipelineStageFlags srcStageMask,
-							 VkPipelineStageFlags dstStageMask,
-							 VkDependencyFlags dependencyFlags,
-							 struct qfv_memorybarrierset_s *memBarriers,
-							 struct qfv_bufferbarrierset_s *buffBarriers,
-							 struct qfv_imagebarrierset_s *imgBarriers);
-
-struct qfv_buffer_s;
-struct qfv_image_s;
-struct qfv_renderpass_s;
-struct qfv_framebuffer_s;
-void QFV_CmdCopyBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-						struct qfv_buffer_s *src, struct qfv_buffer_s *dst,
-						VkBufferCopy *regions, uint32_t numRegions);
-void QFV_CmdCopyBufferToImage (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-							   struct qfv_buffer_s *src,
-							   struct qfv_image_s *dst,
-							   VkImageLayout layout,
-							   VkBufferImageCopy *regions,
-							   uint32_t numRegions);
-void QFV_CmdCopyImageToBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-							   struct qfv_image_s *src,
-							   VkImageLayout layout,
-							   struct qfv_buffer_s *dst,
-							   VkBufferImageCopy *regions,
-							   uint32_t numRegions);
-void QFV_CmdBeginRenderPass (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-							 struct qfv_renderpass_s *renderPass,
-							 struct qfv_framebuffer_s *framebuffer,
-							 VkRect2D renderArea,
-							 uint32_t numClearValues,
-							 VkClearValue *clearValues,
-							 VkSubpassContents subpassContents);
-void QFV_CmdNextSubpass (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-						 VkSubpassContents subpassContents);
-void QFV_CmdEndRenderPass (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer);
-struct qfv_pipeline_s;
-void QFV_CmdBindPipeline (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-						  VkPipelineBindPoint bindPoint,
-						  struct qfv_pipeline_s *pipeline);
-
 #endif//__QF_Vulkan_command_h
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/device.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/device.h
index c05b2ba7e..2ebc7b1d9 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/device.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/device.h
@@ -31,4 +31,9 @@ qfv_device_t *QFV_CreateDevice (struct vulkan_ctx_s *ctx,
 void QFV_DestroyDevice (qfv_device_t *device);
 int QFV_DeviceWaitIdle (qfv_device_t *device);
 
+VkFormat QFV_FindSupportedFormat (qfv_device_t *device, VkImageTiling tiling,
+								  VkFormatFeatureFlags features,
+								  int numCandidates,
+								  const VkFormat *candidates);
+
 #endif//__QF_Vulkan_device_h
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/funclist.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/funclist.h
index 5bacf29eb..426b0fa62 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/funclist.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/funclist.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ INSTANCE_LEVEL_VULKAN_FUNCTION (vkDestroyInstance)
 INSTANCE_LEVEL_VULKAN_FUNCTION (vkEnumerateDeviceLayerProperties)
 INSTANCE_LEVEL_VULKAN_FUNCTION (vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties)
 INSTANCE_LEVEL_VULKAN_FUNCTION (vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties)
+INSTANCE_LEVEL_VULKAN_FUNCTION (vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties)
 
 #undef INSTANCE_LEVEL_VULKAN_FUNCTION
 
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/image.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/image.h
index 4258fe2e0..8db6ee632 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/image.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/image.h
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #ifndef __QF_Vulkan_image_h
 #define __QF_Vulkan_image_h
 
-typedef struct qfv_image_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkImage    image;
-} qfv_image_t;
+#include "QF/darray.h"
+
+typedef struct qfv_imageset_s DARRAY_TYPE (VkImage) qfv_imageset_t;
+typedef struct qfv_imageviewset_s DARRAY_TYPE (VkImageView) qfv_imageviewset_t;
 
 typedef struct qfv_imagetransition_s {
-	qfv_image_t *image;
+	VkImage       image;
 	VkAccessFlags srcAccess;
 	VkAccessFlags dstAccess;
 	VkImageLayout oldLayout;
@@ -17,48 +17,32 @@ typedef struct qfv_imagetransition_s {
 	VkImageAspectFlags aspect;
 } qfv_imagetransition_t;
 
-typedef struct qfv_imagebarrierset_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	uint32_t    numBarriers;
-	VkImageMemoryBarrier *barriers;
-} qfv_imagebarrierset_t;
-
-typedef struct qfv_imageview_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkImageView view;
-	qfv_image_t *image;
-	VkImageViewType type;
-	VkFormat    format;
-	VkImageAspectFlags aspect;
-} qfv_imageview_t;
+typedef struct qfv_imagetransitionset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (qfv_imagetransition_t) qfv_imagetransitionset_t;
+typedef struct qfv_imagebarrierset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (VkImageMemoryBarrier) qfv_imagebarrierset_t;
 
 struct qfv_device_s;
-qfv_image_t *QFV_CreateImage (struct qfv_device_s *device, int cubemap,
-							  VkImageType type,
-							  VkFormat format,
-							  VkExtent3D size,
-							  uint32_t num_mipmaps,
-							  uint32_t num_layers,
-							  VkSampleCountFlagBits samples,
-							  VkImageUsageFlags usage_scenarios);
+VkImage QFV_CreateImage (struct qfv_device_s *device, int cubemap,
+						 VkImageType type,
+						 VkFormat format,
+						 VkExtent3D size,
+						 uint32_t num_mipmaps,
+						 uint32_t num_layers,
+						 VkSampleCountFlagBits samples,
+						 VkImageUsageFlags usage_scenarios);
 
-struct qfv_memory_s *QFV_AllocImageMemory (qfv_image_t *image,
+VkDeviceMemory QFV_AllocImageMemory (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+									 VkImage image,
 									 VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
 									 VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset);
 
-int QFV_BindImageMemory (qfv_image_t *image, struct qfv_memory_s *memory,
-						  VkDeviceSize offset);
-
 qfv_imagebarrierset_t *
-QFV_CreateImageTransitionSet (qfv_imagetransition_t **transitions,
+QFV_CreateImageTransitionSet (qfv_imagetransition_t *transitions,
 							   int numTransitions);
 
-qfv_imageview_t *QFV_CreateImageView (qfv_image_t *image, VkImageViewType type,
-									  VkFormat format,
-									  VkImageAspectFlags aspect);
-
-void QFV_DestroyImageView (qfv_imageview_t *view);
-
-void QFV_DestroyImage (qfv_image_t *image);
+VkImageView QFV_CreateImageView (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+								 VkImage image, VkImageViewType type,
+								 VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspect);
 
 #endif//__QF_Vulkan_image_h
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/instance.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/instance.h
index 6c393d140..0cf5b2226 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/instance.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/instance.h
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ typedef struct qfv_instfuncs_s {
 } qfv_instfuncs_t;
 
 typedef struct qfv_physdev_s {
+	struct qfv_instance_s *instance;
 	VkPhysicalDevice dev;
+	VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
 	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memory_properties;
 } qfv_physdev_t;
 
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/memory.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/memory.h
index 55b87f6c6..91885d31b 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/memory.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/memory.h
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
 #ifndef __QF_Vulkan_memory_h
 #define __QF_Vulkan_memory_h
 
-typedef struct qfv_memory_s {
-	struct qfv_device_s *device;
-	VkDeviceMemory object;
-} qfv_memory_t;
+#include "QF/darray.h"
 
 typedef struct qfv_mappedmemrange_s {
-	qfv_memory_t *memory;
+	VkDeviceMemory object;
 	VkDeviceSize offset;
 	VkDeviceSize size;
 } qfv_mappedmemrange_t;
 
-void QFV_FreeMemory (qfv_memory_t *memory);
-void *QFV_MapMemory (qfv_memory_t *memory,
+typedef struct qfv_mappedmemrangeset_s
+	DARRAY_TYPE (qfv_mappedmemrange_t) qfv_mappedmemrangeset_t;
+
+struct qfv_device_s;
+
+void *QFV_MapMemory (struct qfv_device_s *device, VkDeviceMemory object,
 					 VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size);
-void QFV_UnmapMemory (qfv_memory_t *memory);
-void QFV_FlushMemory (qfv_mappedmemrange_t *ranges, uint32_t numRanges);
+void QFV_FlushMemory (struct qfv_device_s *device,
+					  qfv_mappedmemrangeset_t *ranges);
 
 #endif//__QF_Vulkan_memory_h
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/renderpass.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/renderpass.h
index c8fdc2965..3dd4acc63 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/renderpass.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/renderpass.h
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ struct qfv_imageview_s;
 qfv_framebuffer_t *
 QFV_CreateFramebuffer (qfv_renderpass_t *renderPass,
 					   uint32_t numAttachments,
-					   struct qfv_imageview_s **attachments,
+					   VkImageView *attachments,
 					   uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layers);
 
 void QFV_DestroyFramebuffer (qfv_framebuffer_t *framebuffer);
diff --git a/include/QF/Vulkan/swapchain.h b/include/QF/Vulkan/swapchain.h
index 1a9abb896..9d04b35e4 100644
--- a/include/QF/Vulkan/swapchain.h
+++ b/include/QF/Vulkan/swapchain.h
@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ typedef struct qfv_swapchain_s {
 	struct qfv_device_s *device;
 	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
 	VkSwapchainKHR swapchain;
+	VkFormat    format;
+	VkExtent2D  extent;
 	int32_t     numImages;
-	VkImage    *images;
+	struct qfv_imageset_s *images;
+	struct qfv_imageviewset_s *imageViews;
 } qfv_swapchain_t;
 
 struct vulkan_ctx_s;
@@ -15,8 +18,7 @@ qfv_swapchain_t *QFV_CreateSwapchain (struct vulkan_ctx_s *ctx,
 void QFV_DestroySwapchain (qfv_swapchain_t *swapchain);
 struct qfv_semaphore_s;
 struct qfv_fence_s;
-int QFV_AcquireNextImage (qfv_swapchain_t *swapchain,
-						  struct qfv_semaphore_s *semaphore,
-						  struct qfv_fence_s *fence, uint32_t *imageIndex);
+int QFV_AcquireNextImage (qfv_swapchain_t *swapchain, VkSemaphore semaphore,
+						  VkFence fence, uint32_t *imageIndex);
 
 #endif//__QF_Vulkan_swapchain_h
diff --git a/include/vid_vulkan.h b/include/vid_vulkan.h
index 5b9a31daf..77718ab9c 100644
--- a/include/vid_vulkan.h
+++ b/include/vid_vulkan.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ typedef struct vulkan_ctx_s {
 	struct qfv_swapchain_s *swapchain;
 	VkSurfaceKHR surface;	//FIXME surface = window, so "contains" swapchain
 
-	struct qfv_cmdpool_s *cmdpool;
+	VkCommandPool cmdpool;
 	vulkan_frameset_t frameset;
 
 #define EXPORTED_VULKAN_FUNCTION(fname) PFN_##fname fname;
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vid_render_vulkan.c b/libs/video/renderer/vid_render_vulkan.c
index de0917310..0373867de 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vid_render_vulkan.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vid_render_vulkan.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 //#define NH_DEFINE
 //#include "vulkan/namehack.h"
 
+#include "QF/darray.h"
 #include "QF/sys.h"
 
 #include "QF/plugin/general.h"
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@
 #include "QF/Vulkan/qf_vid.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/command.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/device.h"
+#include "QF/Vulkan/image.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/instance.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/swapchain.h"
 
@@ -56,19 +58,24 @@ static vulkan_ctx_t *vulkan_ctx;
 static void
 vulkan_R_Init (void)
 {
+	qfv_device_t *device = vulkan_ctx->device;
+	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 	qfv_cmdbufferset_t *cmdBuffers;
+
 	Vulkan_CreateSwapchain (vulkan_ctx);
-	cmdBuffers = QFV_AllocateCommandBuffers (vulkan_ctx->cmdpool, 0,
+	cmdBuffers = QFV_AllocateCommandBuffers (device, vulkan_ctx->cmdpool, 0,
 											 vulkan_ctx->swapchain->numImages);
 	vulkan_ctx->frameset.cmdBuffers = cmdBuffers;
-	for (int i = 0; i < cmdBuffers->numBuffers; i++) {
-		QFV_BeginCommandBuffer (cmdBuffers->buffers[i], 0, 0, 0, 0);
-		QFV_EndCommandBuffer (cmdBuffers->buffers[i]);
+	VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo
+		= { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO };
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < cmdBuffers->size; i++) {
+		dfunc->vkBeginCommandBuffer (cmdBuffers->a[i], &beginInfo);
+		dfunc->vkEndCommandBuffer (cmdBuffers->a[i]);
 	}
 	Sys_Printf ("R_Init %p %d", vulkan_ctx->swapchain->swapchain,
 				vulkan_ctx->swapchain->numImages);
 	for (int32_t i = 0; i < vulkan_ctx->swapchain->numImages; i++) {
-		Sys_Printf (" %p", vulkan_ctx->swapchain->images[i]);
+		Sys_Printf (" %p", vulkan_ctx->swapchain->images->a[i]);
 	}
 	Sys_Printf ("\n");
 }
@@ -79,39 +86,42 @@ vulkan_SCR_UpdateScreen (double time,  void (*f)(void), void (**g)(void))
 	static int count = 0;
 	static double startTime;
 	uint32_t imageIndex = 0;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = vulkan_ctx->device->funcs;
+	qfv_device_t *device = vulkan_ctx->device;
+	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
+	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_queue_t *queue = &vulkan_ctx->device->queue;
 	vulkan_frameset_t *frameset = &vulkan_ctx->frameset;
 
-	QFV_WaitForFence (frameset->fences->fences[frameset->curFrame],
-					  2000000000);
+	dfunc->vkWaitForFences (dev, 1, & frameset->fences->a[frameset->curFrame],
+							VK_TRUE, 2000000000);
 	QFV_AcquireNextImage (vulkan_ctx->swapchain,
-				  frameset->imageSemaphores->semaphores[frameset->curFrame],
+				  frameset->imageSemaphores->a[frameset->curFrame],
 				  0, &imageIndex);
 
-	VkPipelineStageFlags waitStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+	VkPipelineStageFlags waitStage
+		= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
 	VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {
 		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO, 0,
 		1,
-		&frameset->imageSemaphores->vkSemaphores[frameset->curFrame],
+		&frameset->imageSemaphores->a[frameset->curFrame],
 		&waitStage,
-		1, &frameset->cmdBuffers->vkBuffers[imageIndex],
-		1, &frameset->renderDoneSemaphores->vkSemaphores[frameset->curFrame],
+		1, &frameset->cmdBuffers->a[imageIndex],
+		1, &frameset->renderDoneSemaphores->a[frameset->curFrame],
 	};
-	QFV_ResetFence (frameset->fences->fences[frameset->curFrame]);
+	dfunc->vkResetFences (dev, 1, &frameset->fences->a[frameset->curFrame]);
 	dfunc->vkQueueSubmit (queue->queue, 1, &submitInfo,
-						  frameset->fences->vkFences[frameset->curFrame]);
+						  frameset->fences->a[frameset->curFrame]);
 
 	VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {
 		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR, 0,
-		1, &frameset->renderDoneSemaphores->vkSemaphores[frameset->curFrame],
+		1, &frameset->renderDoneSemaphores->a[frameset->curFrame],
 		1, &vulkan_ctx->swapchain->swapchain, &imageIndex,
 		0
 	};
 	dfunc->vkQueuePresentKHR (queue->queue, &presentInfo);
 
 	frameset->curFrame++;
-	frameset->curFrame %= frameset->fences->numFences;
+	frameset->curFrame %= frameset->fences->size;
 
 	if (++count >= 100) {
 		double currenTime = Sys_DoubleTime ();
@@ -238,7 +248,7 @@ vulkan_vid_render_choose_visual (void)
 	Sys_Printf ("vk choose visual %p %p %d %p\n", vulkan_ctx->device->dev,
 				vulkan_ctx->device->queue.queue,
 				vulkan_ctx->device->queue.queueFamily,
-				vulkan_ctx->cmdpool->cmdpool);
+				vulkan_ctx->cmdpool);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -247,19 +257,18 @@ vulkan_vid_render_create_context (void)
 	vulkan_ctx->create_window (vulkan_ctx);
 	vulkan_ctx->surface = vulkan_ctx->create_surface (vulkan_ctx);
 	vulkan_ctx->frameset.curFrame = 0;
-	qfv_fence_t **fences = alloca (2 * sizeof (*fences));
-	qfv_semaphore_t **imageSems = alloca (2 * sizeof (*imageSems));
-	qfv_semaphore_t **renderDoneSems = alloca (2 * sizeof (*renderDoneSems));
+	qfv_fenceset_t *fences = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (*fences, 2, malloc);
+	qfv_semaphoreset_t *imageSems = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (*imageSems, 2, malloc);
+	qfv_semaphoreset_t *renderDoneSems = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (*renderDoneSems, 2,
+															malloc);
 	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-		fences[i]= QFV_CreateFence (vulkan_ctx->device, 1);
-		imageSems[i] = QFV_CreateSemaphore (vulkan_ctx->device);
-		renderDoneSems[i] = QFV_CreateSemaphore (vulkan_ctx->device);
+		fences->a[i]= QFV_CreateFence (vulkan_ctx->device, 1);
+		imageSems->a[i] = QFV_CreateSemaphore (vulkan_ctx->device);
+		renderDoneSems->a[i] = QFV_CreateSemaphore (vulkan_ctx->device);
 	}
-	vulkan_ctx->frameset.fences = QFV_CreateFenceSet (fences, 2);
-	vulkan_ctx->frameset.imageSemaphores
-		= QFV_CreateSemaphoreSet (imageSems, 2);
-	vulkan_ctx->frameset.renderDoneSemaphores
-		= QFV_CreateSemaphoreSet (renderDoneSems, 2);
+	vulkan_ctx->frameset.fences = fences;
+	vulkan_ctx->frameset.imageSemaphores = imageSems;
+	vulkan_ctx->frameset.renderDoneSemaphores = renderDoneSems;
 	Sys_Printf ("vk create context %p\n", vulkan_ctx->surface);
 }
 
@@ -282,15 +291,17 @@ vulkan_vid_render_init (void)
 static void
 vulkan_vid_render_shutdown (void)
 {
-	QFV_DeviceWaitIdle (vulkan_ctx->device);
+	qfv_device_t *device = vulkan_ctx->device;
+	qfv_devfuncs_t *df = device->funcs;
+	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
+	QFV_DeviceWaitIdle (device);
 	vulkan_frameset_t *frameset = &vulkan_ctx->frameset;
-	for (int i = 0; i < frameset->fences->numFences; i++) {
-		QFV_DestroyFence (frameset->fences->fences[i]);
-		QFV_DestroySemaphore (frameset->imageSemaphores->semaphores[i]);
-		QFV_DestroySemaphore (frameset->renderDoneSemaphores->semaphores[i]);
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < frameset->fences->size; i++) {
+		df->vkDestroyFence (dev, frameset->fences->a[i], 0);
+		df->vkDestroySemaphore (dev, frameset->imageSemaphores->a[i], 0);
+		df->vkDestroySemaphore (dev, frameset->renderDoneSemaphores->a[i], 0);
 	}
-	QFV_DestroyFenceSet (vulkan_ctx->frameset.fences);
-	QFV_DestroyCommandPool (vulkan_ctx->cmdpool);
+	df->vkDestroyCommandPool (dev, vulkan_ctx->cmdpool, 0);
 	Vulkan_Shutdown_Common (vulkan_ctx);
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/buffer.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/buffer.c
index e2d598b81..71b094e68 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/buffer.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/buffer.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-qfv_buffer_t *
+VkBuffer
 QFV_CreateBuffer (qfv_device_t *device, VkDeviceSize size,
 				  VkBufferUsageFlags usage)
 {
@@ -73,24 +73,23 @@ QFV_CreateBuffer (qfv_device_t *device, VkDeviceSize size,
 		size, usage, VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
 		0, 0
 	};
-	qfv_buffer_t *buffer = malloc (sizeof (*buffer));
-	dfunc->vkCreateBuffer (dev, &createInfo, 0, &buffer->buffer);
-	buffer->device = device;
+	VkBuffer buffer;
+	dfunc->vkCreateBuffer (dev, &createInfo, 0, &buffer);
 	return buffer;
 }
 
-qfv_memory_t *
-QFV_AllocBufferMemory (qfv_buffer_t *buffer, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
+VkDeviceMemory
+QFV_AllocBufferMemory (qfv_device_t *device,
+					   VkBuffer buffer, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
 					   VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = buffer->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_physdev_t *physdev = device->physDev;
 	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties *memprops = &physdev->memory_properties;
     qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 
 	VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
-	dfunc->vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements (dev, buffer->buffer, &requirements);
+	dfunc->vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements (dev, buffer, &requirements);
 
 	size = max (size, offset + requirements.size);
 	VkDeviceMemory object = 0;
@@ -112,97 +111,55 @@ QFV_AllocBufferMemory (qfv_buffer_t *buffer, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
 		}
 	}
 
-	qfv_memory_t *memory = 0;
-
-	if (object) {
-		memory = malloc (sizeof (*memory));
-		memory->device = device;
-		memory->object = object;
-	}
-	return memory;
+	return object;
 }
 
 int
-QFV_BindBufferMemory (qfv_buffer_t *buffer, qfv_memory_t *memory,
+QFV_BindBufferMemory (qfv_device_t *device,
+					  VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceMemory object,
 					  VkDeviceSize offset)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = buffer->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
     qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-	VkResult res = dfunc->vkBindBufferMemory (dev, buffer->buffer,
-											  memory->object, offset);
+	VkResult res = dfunc->vkBindBufferMemory (dev, buffer, object, offset);
 	return res == VK_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 qfv_bufferbarrierset_t *
-QFV_CreateBufferTransitionSet (qfv_buffertransition_t **transitions,
-							   int numTransitions)
+QFV_CreateBufferTransitions (qfv_buffertransition_t *transitions,
+							 int numTransitions)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = transitions[0]->buffer->device;
-	qfv_bufferbarrierset_t *barrierset = malloc (sizeof (*barrierset)
-									   + sizeof (VkBufferMemoryBarrier) * numTransitions);
-
-	barrierset->device = device;
-	barrierset->numBarriers = numTransitions;
-	barrierset->barriers = (VkBufferMemoryBarrier *) (barrierset + 1);
+	qfv_bufferbarrierset_t *barrierset;
+	barrierset = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (*barrierset, numTransitions, malloc);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < numTransitions; i++) {
-		VkBufferMemoryBarrier *barrier = &barrierset->barriers[i];
-		barrier->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER;
-		barrier->pNext = 0;
-		barrier->srcAccessMask = transitions[i]->srcAccess;
-		barrier->dstAccessMask = transitions[i]->dstAccess;
-		barrier->srcQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i]->srcQueueFamily;
-		barrier->dstQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i]->dstQueueFamily;
-		barrier->buffer = transitions[i]->buffer->buffer;
-		barrier->offset = transitions[i]->offset;
-		barrier->size = transitions[i]->size;
+		barrierset->a[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+		barrierset->a[i].pNext = 0;
+		barrierset->a[i].srcAccessMask = transitions[i].srcAccess;
+		barrierset->a[i].dstAccessMask = transitions[i].dstAccess;
+		barrierset->a[i].srcQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i].srcQueueFamily;
+		barrierset->a[i].dstQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i].dstQueueFamily;
+		barrierset->a[i].buffer = transitions[i].buffer;
+		barrierset->a[i].offset = transitions[i].offset;
+		barrierset->a[i].size = transitions[i].size;
 	}
 	return barrierset;
 }
 
-qfv_bufferview_t *
-QFV_CreateBufferView (qfv_buffer_t *buffer, VkFormat format,
+VkBufferView
+QFV_CreateBufferView (qfv_device_t *device, VkBuffer buffer, VkFormat format,
 					  VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = buffer->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
     qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 
 	VkBufferViewCreateInfo createInfo = {
 		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_VIEW_CREATE_INFO, 0,
 		0,
-		buffer->buffer, format, offset, size,
+		buffer, format, offset, size,
 	};
 
-	qfv_bufferview_t *view = malloc (sizeof (*view));
-	view->device = device;
-	view->buffer = buffer;
-	view->format = format;
-	view->offset = offset;
-	view->size = size;
-	dfunc->vkCreateBufferView (dev, &createInfo, 0, &view->view);
+	VkBufferView view;
+	dfunc->vkCreateBufferView (dev, &createInfo, 0, &view);
 	return view;
 }
-
-void
-QFV_DestroyBufferView (qfv_bufferview_t *view)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = view->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-    qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkDestroyBufferView (dev, view->view, 0);
-	free (view);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_DestroyBuffer (qfv_buffer_t *buffer)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = buffer->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-    qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkDestroyBuffer (dev, buffer->buffer, 0);
-	free (buffer);
-}
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/command.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/command.c
index fa671fa5d..8ba60ab32 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/command.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/command.c
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-qfv_cmdpool_t *
+VkCommandPool
 QFV_CreateCommandPool (qfv_device_t *device, uint32_t queueFamily,
 					   int transient, int reset)
 {
@@ -82,43 +82,15 @@ QFV_CreateCommandPool (qfv_device_t *device, uint32_t queueFamily,
 		flags,
 		queueFamily
 	};
-	qfv_cmdpool_t *cmdpool = malloc (sizeof (*cmdpool));
-	dfunc->vkCreateCommandPool (dev, &createInfo, 0, &cmdpool->cmdpool);
-	cmdpool->device = device;
-	return cmdpool;
-}
-
-int
-QFV_ResetCommandPool (qfv_cmdpool_t *pool, int release)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = pool->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-	VkCommandPool cmdpool = pool->cmdpool;
-	VkCommandPoolResetFlags release_flag = 0;
-
-	if (release) {
-		release_flag = VK_COMMAND_POOL_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT;
-	}
-
-	return dfunc->vkResetCommandPool (dev, cmdpool, release_flag) == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-void
-QFV_DestroyCommandPool (qfv_cmdpool_t *pool)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = pool->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkDestroyCommandPool (dev, pool->cmdpool, 0);
-	free (pool);
+	VkCommandPool pool;
+	dfunc->vkCreateCommandPool (dev, &createInfo, 0, &pool);
+	return pool;
 }
 
 qfv_cmdbufferset_t *
-QFV_AllocateCommandBuffers (qfv_cmdpool_t *pool, int secondary, int count)
+QFV_AllocateCommandBuffers (qfv_device_t *device, VkCommandPool pool,
+							int secondary, int count)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = pool->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 	uint32_t    level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
@@ -127,96 +99,15 @@ QFV_AllocateCommandBuffers (qfv_cmdpool_t *pool, int secondary, int count)
 	}
 	VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {
 		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO, 0,
-		pool->cmdpool, level, count
+		pool, level, count
 	};
 	qfv_cmdbufferset_t *cmdbufferset;
-	cmdbufferset = malloc (sizeof (qfv_cmdbufferset_t)
-						   + count * sizeof (qfv_buffer_t *)
-						   + count * sizeof (qfv_buffer_t)
-						   + count * sizeof (VkCommandBuffer));
-	cmdbufferset->buffers = (qfv_cmdbuffer_t **) (cmdbufferset + 1);
-	cmdbufferset->vkBuffers = (VkCommandBuffer *) (cmdbufferset->buffers
-												   + count);
-	qfv_cmdbuffer_t *buffer = (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *) (cmdbufferset->vkBuffers
-												   + count);
-	cmdbufferset->cmdpool = pool->cmdpool;
-	cmdbufferset->numBuffers = count;
-	dfunc->vkAllocateCommandBuffers (dev, &allocInfo, cmdbufferset->vkBuffers);
-	for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-		buffer->device = device;
-		buffer->buffer = &cmdbufferset->vkBuffers[i];
-		cmdbufferset->buffers[i] = buffer++;
-	}
+	cmdbufferset = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (*cmdbufferset, count, malloc);
+	dfunc->vkAllocateCommandBuffers (dev, &allocInfo, cmdbufferset->a);
 	return cmdbufferset;
 }
 
-void QFV_FreeCommandBuffers (qfv_cmdbufferset_t *bufferset)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = bufferset->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkFreeCommandBuffers (dev, bufferset->cmdpool,
-								 bufferset->numBuffers,
-								 bufferset->vkBuffers);
-	free (bufferset);
-}
-
-int
-QFV_BeginCommandBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *buffer, int oneTime, int rpContinue,
-						int simultaneous,
-						VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo *inheritanceInfo)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = buffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-	VkCommandBuffer buff = *buffer->buffer;
-	VkCommandBufferUsageFlags usage = 0;
-
-	if (oneTime) {
-		usage |= VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;
-	}
-	if (rpContinue) {
-		usage |= VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT;
-	}
-	if (simultaneous) {
-		usage |= VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT;
-	}
-
-	VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {
-		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO, 0,
-		usage,
-		0
-	};
-
-	return dfunc->vkBeginCommandBuffer (buff, &beginInfo) == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-int
-QFV_EndCommandBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *buffer)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = buffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-	VkCommandBuffer buff = *buffer->buffer;
-
-	return dfunc->vkEndCommandBuffer (buff) == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-int
-QFV_ResetCommandBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *buffer, int release)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = buffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-	VkCommandBuffer buff = *buffer->buffer;
-	VkCommandBufferResetFlags release_flag = 0;
-
-	if (release) {
-		release_flag = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT;
-	}
-
-	return dfunc->vkResetCommandBuffer (buff, release_flag) == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-qfv_semaphore_t *
+VkSemaphore
 QFV_CreateSemaphore (qfv_device_t *device)
 {
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
@@ -227,58 +118,12 @@ QFV_CreateSemaphore (qfv_device_t *device)
 		0
 	};
 
-	qfv_semaphore_t *semaphore = malloc (sizeof (*semaphore));
-	semaphore->device = device;
-
-	dfunc->vkCreateSemaphore (dev, &createInfo, 0, &semaphore->semaphore);
+	VkSemaphore semaphore;
+	dfunc->vkCreateSemaphore (dev, &createInfo, 0, &semaphore);
 	return semaphore;
 }
 
-qfv_semaphoreset_t *
-QFV_CreateSemaphoreSet (qfv_semaphore_t **semaphores, int numSemaphores)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = semaphores[0]->device;
-	qfv_semaphoreset_t *semaphoreset;
-	semaphoreset = calloc (1, sizeof (*semaphoreset)
-						   + sizeof (qfv_semaphore_t *) * numSemaphores
-						   + sizeof (VkSemaphore) * numSemaphores
-						   + sizeof (VkPipelineStageFlags) * numSemaphores);
-
-	semaphoreset->device = device;
-	semaphoreset->vkSemaphores = (VkSemaphore *) (semaphoreset + 1);
-	semaphoreset->stages = (VkPipelineStageFlags *)
-							&semaphoreset->vkSemaphores[numSemaphores];
-	semaphoreset->semaphores = (qfv_semaphore_t **) (semaphoreset->stages
-													 + numSemaphores);
-	semaphoreset->numSemaphores = numSemaphores;
-
-	if (semaphores) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < numSemaphores; i++) {
-			semaphoreset->semaphores[i] = semaphores[i];
-			semaphoreset->vkSemaphores[i] = semaphores[i]->semaphore;
-		}
-	}
-	return semaphoreset;
-}
-
-void
-QFV_DestroySemaphore (qfv_semaphore_t *semaphore)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = semaphore->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkDestroySemaphore (dev, semaphore->semaphore, 0);
-	free (semaphore);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_DestroySemaphoreSet (qfv_semaphoreset_t *semaphores)
-{
-	free (semaphores);
-}
-
-qfv_fence_t *
+VkFence
 QFV_CreateFence (qfv_device_t *device, int signaled)
 {
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
@@ -289,113 +134,28 @@ QFV_CreateFence (qfv_device_t *device, int signaled)
 		signaled ? VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT : 0,
 	};
 
-	qfv_fence_t *fence = malloc (sizeof (*fence));
-	fence->device = device;
-
-	dfunc->vkCreateFence (dev, &createInfo, 0, &fence->fence);
+	VkFence fence;
+	dfunc->vkCreateFence (dev, &createInfo, 0, &fence);
 	return fence;
 }
 
-qfv_fenceset_t *
-QFV_CreateFenceSet (qfv_fence_t **fences, int numFences)
-{
-	qfv_fenceset_t *fenceset = malloc (sizeof (*fenceset)
-									   + sizeof (qfv_fence_t) * numFences
-									   + sizeof (VkFence) * numFences);
-
-	fenceset->fences = (qfv_fence_t **) (fenceset + 1);
-	fenceset->vkFences = (VkFence *) (fenceset->fences + numFences);
-	fenceset->numFences = numFences;
-
-	if (fences) {
-		fenceset->device = fences[0]->device;
-		for (int i = 0; i < numFences; i++) {
-			fenceset->fences[i] = fences[i];
-			fenceset->vkFences[i] = fences[i]->fence;
-		}
-	}
-	return fenceset;
-}
-
-void
-QFV_DestroyFence (qfv_fence_t *fence)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = fence->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkDestroyFence (dev, fence->fence, 0);
-	free (fence);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_DestroyFenceSet (qfv_fenceset_t *fenceset)
-{
-	free (fenceset);
-}
-
-int
-QFV_WaitForFences (qfv_fenceset_t *fenceset, int all, uint64_t timeout)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = fenceset->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	VkResult res = dfunc->vkWaitForFences (dev, fenceset->numFences,
-										   fenceset->vkFences, all, timeout);
-	return res == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-int
-QFV_WaitForFence (qfv_fence_t *fence, uint64_t timeout)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = fence->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	VkResult res = dfunc->vkWaitForFences (dev, 1, &fence->fence, 1, timeout);
-	return res == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-int
-QFV_ResetFences (qfv_fenceset_t *fenceset)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = fenceset->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	return dfunc->vkResetFences (dev, fenceset->numFences,
-								 fenceset->vkFences) == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-int
-QFV_ResetFence (qfv_fence_t *fence)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = fence->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	return dfunc->vkResetFences (dev, 1, &fence->fence) == VK_SUCCESS;
-}
-
 int
 QFV_QueueSubmit (qfv_queue_t *queue, qfv_semaphoreset_t *waitSemaphores,
+				 VkPipelineStageFlags *stages,
 				 qfv_cmdbufferset_t *buffers,
-				 qfv_semaphoreset_t *signalSemaphores, qfv_fence_t *fence)
+				 qfv_semaphoreset_t *signalSemaphores, VkFence fence)
 {
 	qfv_device_t *device = queue->device;
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 	VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {
 		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO, 0,
-		waitSemaphores->numSemaphores,
-		waitSemaphores->vkSemaphores, waitSemaphores->stages,
-		buffers->numBuffers, buffers->vkBuffers,
-		signalSemaphores->numSemaphores,
-		signalSemaphores->vkSemaphores
+		waitSemaphores->size, waitSemaphores->a, stages,
+		buffers->size, buffers->a,
+		signalSemaphores->size, signalSemaphores->a
 	};
 	//FIXME multi-batch
-	return dfunc->vkQueueSubmit (queue->queue, 1, &submitInfo,
-								 fence->fence) == VK_SUCCESS;
+	return dfunc->vkQueueSubmit (queue->queue, 1, &submitInfo, fence)
+			== VK_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 int
@@ -405,129 +165,3 @@ QFV_QueueWaitIdle (qfv_queue_t *queue)
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 	return dfunc->vkQueueWaitIdle (queue->queue) == VK_SUCCESS;
 }
-
-void
-QFV_CmdPipelineBarrier (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-						VkPipelineStageFlags srcStageMask,
-						VkPipelineStageFlags dstStageMask,
-						VkDependencyFlags dependencyFlags,
-						struct qfv_memorybarrierset_s *memBarrierSet,
-						qfv_bufferbarrierset_t *buffBarrierSet,
-						qfv_imagebarrierset_t *imgBarrierSet)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-	uint32_t    numMemBarriers = 0;
-	VkMemoryBarrier *memBarriers = 0;
-	uint32_t    numBuffBarriers = 0;
-	VkBufferMemoryBarrier *buffBarriers = 0;
-	uint32_t    numImgBarriers = 0;
-	VkImageMemoryBarrier *imgBarriers = 0;
-
-	if (buffBarrierSet) {
-		numBuffBarriers = buffBarrierSet->numBarriers;
-		buffBarriers = buffBarrierSet->barriers;
-	}
-	if (imgBarrierSet) {
-		numImgBarriers = imgBarrierSet->numBarriers;
-		imgBarriers = imgBarrierSet->barriers;
-	}
-	dfunc->vkCmdPipelineBarrier (*cmdBuffer->buffer,
-								 srcStageMask, dstStageMask, dependencyFlags,
-								 numMemBarriers, memBarriers,
-								 numBuffBarriers, buffBarriers,
-								 numImgBarriers, imgBarriers);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_CmdCopyBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-				   struct qfv_buffer_s *src, struct qfv_buffer_s *dst,
-				   VkBufferCopy *regions, uint32_t numRegions)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkCmdCopyBuffer (*cmdBuffer->buffer, src->buffer, dst->buffer,
-							numRegions, regions);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_CmdCopyBufferToImage (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-						  struct qfv_buffer_s *src,
-						  struct qfv_image_s *dst,
-						  VkImageLayout layout,
-						  VkBufferImageCopy *regions, uint32_t numRegions)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkCmdCopyBufferToImage (*cmdBuffer->buffer, src->buffer, dst->image,
-								   layout, numRegions, regions);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_CmdCopyImageToBuffer (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-						  struct qfv_image_s *src,
-						  VkImageLayout layout,
-						  struct qfv_buffer_s *dst,
-						  VkBufferImageCopy *regions, uint32_t numRegions)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer (*cmdBuffer->buffer, src->image, layout,
-								   dst->buffer, numRegions, regions);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_CmdBeginRenderPass (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-						qfv_renderpass_t *renderPass,
-						qfv_framebuffer_t *framebuffer,
-						VkRect2D renderArea,
-						uint32_t numClearValues,
-						VkClearValue *clearValues,
-						VkSubpassContents subpassContents)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	VkRenderPassBeginInfo beginInfo = {
-		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO, 0,
-		renderPass->renderPass, framebuffer->framebuffer, renderArea,
-		numClearValues, clearValues,
-	};
-
-	dfunc->vkCmdBeginRenderPass (*cmdBuffer->buffer, &beginInfo,
-								 subpassContents);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_CmdNextSubpass (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-					VkSubpassContents subpassContents)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkCmdNextSubpass (*cmdBuffer->buffer, subpassContents);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_CmdEndRenderPass (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkCmdEndRenderPass (*cmdBuffer->buffer);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_CmdBindPipeline (qfv_cmdbuffer_t *cmdBuffer,
-					 VkPipelineBindPoint bindPoint,
-					 qfv_pipeline_t *pipeline)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = cmdBuffer->device;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkCmdBindPipeline (*cmdBuffer->buffer, bindPoint,
-							  pipeline->pipeline);
-}
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/device.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/device.c
index 750534f53..0457d0570 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/device.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/device.c
@@ -211,3 +211,24 @@ QFV_DeviceWaitIdle (qfv_device_t *device)
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 	return dfunc->vkDeviceWaitIdle (device->dev) == VK_SUCCESS;
 }
+
+VkFormat
+QFV_FindSupportedFormat (qfv_device_t *device,
+						 VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features,
+						 int numCandidates, const VkFormat *candidates)
+{
+	VkPhysicalDevice pdev = device->physDev->dev;
+	qfv_instfuncs_t *ifuncs = device->physDev->instance->funcs;
+	for (int i = 0; i < numCandidates; i++) {
+		VkFormat    format = candidates[i];
+		VkFormatProperties props;
+		ifuncs->vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties (pdev, format, &props);
+		if ((tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR
+			 && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features)
+			|| (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL
+				&& (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features)) {
+			return format;
+		}
+	}
+	Sys_Error ("no supported format");
+}
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/image.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/image.c
index 63b836be5..65f0dcdd3 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/image.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/image.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-qfv_image_t *
+VkImage
 QFV_CreateImage (qfv_device_t *device, int cubemap,
 				 VkImageType type,
 				 VkFormat format,
@@ -85,24 +85,23 @@ QFV_CreateImage (qfv_device_t *device, int cubemap,
 		0, 0,
 		VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
 	};
-	qfv_image_t *image = malloc (sizeof (*image));
-	dfunc->vkCreateImage (dev, &createInfo, 0, &image->image);
-	image->device = device;
+	VkImage image;
+	dfunc->vkCreateImage (dev, &createInfo, 0, &image);
 	return image;
 }
 
-qfv_memory_t *
-QFV_AllocImageMemory (qfv_image_t *image, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
-					   VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset)
+VkDeviceMemory
+QFV_AllocImageMemory (qfv_device_t *device,
+					  VkImage image, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
+					  VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = image->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_physdev_t *physdev = device->physDev;
 	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties *memprops = &physdev->memory_properties;
     qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 
 	VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
-	dfunc->vkGetImageMemoryRequirements (dev, image->image, &requirements);
+	dfunc->vkGetImageMemoryRequirements (dev, image, &requirements);
 
 	size = max (size, offset + requirements.size);
 	VkDeviceMemory object = 0;
@@ -124,72 +123,48 @@ QFV_AllocImageMemory (qfv_image_t *image, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
 		}
 	}
 
-	qfv_memory_t *memory = 0;
-
-	if (object) {
-		memory = malloc (sizeof (*memory));
-		memory->device = device;
-		memory->object = object;
-	}
-	return memory;
-}
-
-int
-QFV_BindImageMemory (qfv_image_t *image, qfv_memory_t *memory,
-					  VkDeviceSize offset)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = image->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-    qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-	VkResult res = dfunc->vkBindImageMemory (dev, image->image,
-											  memory->object, offset);
-	return res == VK_SUCCESS;
+	return object;
 }
 
 qfv_imagebarrierset_t *
-QFV_CreateImageTransitionSet (qfv_imagetransition_t **transitions,
+QFV_CreateImageTransitionSet (qfv_imagetransition_t *transitions,
 							   int numTransitions)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = transitions[0]->image->device;
-	qfv_imagebarrierset_t *barrierset = malloc (sizeof (*barrierset)
-									   + sizeof (VkImageMemoryBarrier) * numTransitions);
-
-	barrierset->device = device;
-	barrierset->numBarriers = numTransitions;
-	barrierset->barriers = (VkImageMemoryBarrier *) (barrierset + 1);
+	qfv_imagebarrierset_t *barrierset;
+    barrierset = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (*barrierset, numTransitions, malloc);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < numTransitions; i++) {
-		VkImageMemoryBarrier *barrier = &barrierset->barriers[i];
-		barrier->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
-		barrier->pNext = 0;
-		barrier->srcAccessMask = transitions[i]->srcAccess;
-		barrier->dstAccessMask = transitions[i]->dstAccess;
-		barrier->oldLayout = transitions[i]->oldLayout;
-		barrier->newLayout = transitions[i]->newLayout;
-		barrier->srcQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i]->srcQueueFamily;
-		barrier->dstQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i]->dstQueueFamily;
-		barrier->image = transitions[i]->image->image;
-		barrier->subresourceRange.aspectMask = transitions[i]->aspect;
-		barrier->subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
-		barrier->subresourceRange.levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS;
-		barrier->subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
-		barrier->subresourceRange.layerCount = VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS;
+		barrierset->a[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+		barrierset->a[i].pNext = 0;
+		barrierset->a[i].srcAccessMask = transitions[i].srcAccess;
+		barrierset->a[i].dstAccessMask = transitions[i].dstAccess;
+		barrierset->a[i].oldLayout = transitions[i].oldLayout;
+		barrierset->a[i].newLayout = transitions[i].newLayout;
+		barrierset->a[i].srcQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i].srcQueueFamily;
+		barrierset->a[i].dstQueueFamilyIndex = transitions[i].dstQueueFamily;
+		barrierset->a[i].image = transitions[i].image;
+		barrierset->a[i].subresourceRange.aspectMask = transitions[i].aspect;
+		barrierset->a[i].subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
+		barrierset->a[i].subresourceRange.levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS;
+		barrierset->a[i].subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
+		barrierset->a[i].subresourceRange.layerCount
+			= VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS;
 	}
 	return barrierset;
 }
 
-qfv_imageview_t *
-QFV_CreateImageView (qfv_image_t *image, VkImageViewType type, VkFormat format,
+VkImageView
+QFV_CreateImageView (qfv_device_t *device, VkImage image,
+					 VkImageViewType type, VkFormat format,
 					 VkImageAspectFlags aspect)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = image->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
     qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 
 	VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo = {
 		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO, 0,
 		0,
-		image->image, type, format,
+		image, type, format,
 		{
 			VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
 			VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
@@ -203,34 +178,7 @@ QFV_CreateImageView (qfv_image_t *image, VkImageViewType type, VkFormat format,
 		}
 	};
 
-	qfv_imageview_t *view = malloc (sizeof (*view));
-	view->device = device;
-	view->image = image;
-	view->type = type;
-	view->format = format;
-	view->aspect = aspect;
-	dfunc->vkCreateImageView (dev, &createInfo, 0, &view->view);
+	VkImageView view;
+	dfunc->vkCreateImageView (dev, &createInfo, 0, &view);
 	return view;
 }
-
-void
-QFV_DestroyImageView (qfv_imageview_t *view)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = view->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-    qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkDestroyImageView (dev, view->view, 0);
-	free (view);
-}
-
-void
-QFV_DestroyImage (qfv_image_t *image)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = image->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-    qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkDestroyImage (dev, image->image, 0);
-	free (image);
-}
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/instance.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/instance.c
index a744c2608..234236014 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/instance.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/instance.c
@@ -264,7 +264,9 @@ QFV_CreateInstance (vulkan_ctx_t *ctx,
 	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < inst->numDevices; i++) {
 		VkPhysicalDevice physDev = devices[i];
 		qfv_physdev_t *dev = &inst->devices[i];
+		dev->instance = inst;
 		dev->dev = physDev;
+		ifunc->vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties (physDev, &dev->properties);
 		ifunc->vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties (physDev,
 													&dev->memory_properties);
 	}
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/memory.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/memory.c
index c18a8144f..9397f4366 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/memory.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/memory.c
@@ -60,54 +60,32 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-void
-QFV_FreeMemory (qfv_memory_t *memory)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = memory->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	dfunc->vkFreeMemory (dev, memory->object, 0);
-	free (memory);
-}
-
 void *
-QFV_MapMemory (qfv_memory_t *memory, VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size)
+QFV_MapMemory (qfv_device_t *device, VkDeviceMemory object,
+			   VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = memory->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 	void       *map = 0;
 
-	dfunc->vkMapMemory (dev, memory->object, offset, size, 0, &map);
+	dfunc->vkMapMemory (dev, object, offset, size, 0, &map);
 	return map;
 }
 
 void
-QFV_UnmapMemory (qfv_memory_t *memory)
+QFV_FlushMemory (qfv_device_t *device, qfv_mappedmemrangeset_t *flushRanges)
 {
-	qfv_device_t *device = memory->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 
-	dfunc->vkUnmapMemory (dev, memory->object);
-}
+	VkMappedMemoryRange *ranges = alloca(sizeof (*ranges) * flushRanges->size);
 
-void
-QFV_FlushMemory (qfv_mappedmemrange_t *flushRanges, uint32_t numFlushRanges)
-{
-	qfv_device_t *device = flushRanges[0].memory->device;
-	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
-	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
-
-	VkMappedMemoryRange *ranges = alloca(sizeof (*ranges) * numFlushRanges);
-
-	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numFlushRanges; i++) {
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < flushRanges->size; i++) {
 		ranges[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE;
 		ranges[i].pNext = 0;
-		ranges[i].memory = flushRanges[i].memory->object;
-		ranges[i].offset = flushRanges[i].offset;
-		ranges[i].size = flushRanges[i].size;
+		ranges[i].memory = flushRanges->a[i].object;
+		ranges[i].offset = flushRanges->a[i].offset;
+		ranges[i].size = flushRanges->a[i].size;
 	}
-	dfunc->vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges (dev, numFlushRanges, ranges);
+	dfunc->vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges (dev, flushRanges->size, ranges);
 }
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/renderpass.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/renderpass.c
index 9c1064192..7a64d10a3 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/renderpass.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/renderpass.c
@@ -105,21 +105,17 @@ QFV_CreateRenderPass (qfv_device_t *device,
 
 qfv_framebuffer_t *
 QFV_CreateFramebuffer (qfv_renderpass_t *renderPass,
-					   uint32_t numAttachments, qfv_imageview_t **attachments,
+					   uint32_t numAttachments, VkImageView *attachments,
 					   uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layers)
 {
 	qfv_device_t *device = renderPass->device;
 	VkDevice    dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 
-	VkImageView *views = alloca (numAttachments * sizeof (*views));
-	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numAttachments; i++) {
-		views[i] = attachments[i]->view;
-	}
-
 	VkFramebufferCreateInfo createInfo = {
 		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO, 0, 0,
-		renderPass->renderPass, numAttachments, views, width, height, layers,
+		renderPass->renderPass, numAttachments, attachments,
+		width, height, layers,
 	};
 
 	qfv_framebuffer_t *framebuffer = malloc (sizeof (*framebuffer));
diff --git a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/swapchain.c b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/swapchain.c
index b32e3b3ed..4ea0a36dc 100644
--- a/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/swapchain.c
+++ b/libs/video/renderer/vulkan/swapchain.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "QF/Vulkan/cvars.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/command.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/device.h"
+#include "QF/Vulkan/image.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/instance.h"
 #include "QF/Vulkan/swapchain.h"
 
@@ -84,7 +85,8 @@ QFV_CreateSwapchain (vulkan_ctx_t *ctx, VkSwapchainKHR old_swapchain)
 	VkImageUsageFlags imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
 	imageUsage &= surfCaps.supportedUsageFlags;
 
-	VkSurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR surfTransform = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
+	VkSurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR surfTransform
+		= VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
 
 	uint32_t numFormats;
 	ifuncs->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR (physDev,
@@ -128,24 +130,31 @@ QFV_CreateSwapchain (vulkan_ctx_t *ctx, VkSwapchainKHR old_swapchain)
 		old_swapchain
 	};
 
-	VkDevice device = ctx->device->dev;
+	VkDevice dev = ctx->device->dev;
 	VkSwapchainKHR swapchain;
-	dfuncs->vkCreateSwapchainKHR (device, &createInfo, 0, &swapchain);
+	dfuncs->vkCreateSwapchainKHR (dev, &createInfo, 0, &swapchain);
 
 	if (old_swapchain != swapchain) {
-		dfuncs->vkDestroySwapchainKHR (device, old_swapchain, 0);
+		dfuncs->vkDestroySwapchainKHR (dev, old_swapchain, 0);
 	}
 
-	dfuncs->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR (device, swapchain, &numImages, 0);
-	qfv_swapchain_t *sc = malloc (sizeof (qfv_swapchain_t)
-								  + numImages * sizeof (VkImage));
+	dfuncs->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR (dev, swapchain, &numImages, 0);
+	qfv_swapchain_t *sc = malloc (sizeof (qfv_swapchain_t));
 	sc->device = ctx->device;
 	sc->surface = ctx->surface;
 	sc->swapchain = swapchain;
+	sc->format = useFormat.format;
+	sc->extent = imageSize;
 	sc->numImages = numImages;
-	sc->images = (VkImage *) (sc + 1);
-	dfuncs->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR (device, swapchain, &numImages,
-									 sc->images);
+	sc->images = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (qfv_imageset_t, numImages, malloc);
+	sc->imageViews = DARRAY_ALLOCFIXED (qfv_imageviewset_t, numImages, malloc);
+	dfuncs->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR (dev, swapchain, &numImages, sc->images->a);
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numImages; i++) {
+		sc->imageViews->a[i]
+			= QFV_CreateImageView (ctx->device, sc->images->a[i],
+								   VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D, sc->format,
+								   VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
+	}
 	return sc;
 }
 
@@ -155,23 +164,26 @@ QFV_DestroySwapchain (qfv_swapchain_t *swapchain)
 	qfv_device_t *device = swapchain->device;
 	VkDevice dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < swapchain->imageViews->size; i++) {
+		dfunc->vkDestroyImageView (dev, swapchain->imageViews->a[i], 0);
+	}
+	free (swapchain->images);
+	free (swapchain->imageViews);
 	dfunc->vkDestroySwapchainKHR (dev, swapchain->swapchain, 0);
 	free (swapchain);
 }
 
 int
-QFV_AcquireNextImage (qfv_swapchain_t *swapchain, qfv_semaphore_t *semaphore,
-					  qfv_fence_t *fence, uint32_t *imageIndex)
+QFV_AcquireNextImage (qfv_swapchain_t *swapchain, VkSemaphore semaphore,
+					  VkFence fence, uint32_t *imageIndex)
 {
 	qfv_device_t *device = swapchain->device;
 	VkDevice dev = device->dev;
 	qfv_devfuncs_t *dfunc = device->funcs;
 	uint64_t timeout = 2000000000;
-	VkSemaphore sem = semaphore ? semaphore->semaphore : VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-	VkFence fnc = fence ? fence->fence : VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 	*imageIndex = ~0u;
 	VkResult res = dfunc->vkAcquireNextImageKHR (dev, swapchain->swapchain,
-												 timeout, sem, fnc,
+												 timeout, semaphore, fence,
 												 imageIndex);
 	switch (res) {
 		case VK_SUCCESS: