Date : 15-Jan-2004 Last update: 20071229 Authors: Adam Fedor Quentin Mathé Lars S.-Helldorf PURPOSE ------- This document is intended to provide a step by step instruction on how to get the GNUstep installed on Mac OS X and Darwin. COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS --------------------- <> denotes a variable depending on your preferences. To be replaced with the actual values from your system. For instance, if you installed GCC in /opt/local ./configure CC=/bin/gcc will become: ./configure CC=/opt/local/bin/gcc [] denotes an optional parameter. For instance: ./configure [--enable-graphics=art] can be either: ./configure or: ./configure --enable-graphics=art PRELIMINAIRES ------------- For all targets, get the following software. I'd recommend installing Fink (and FinkCommander on Mac OS X) or MacPorts to get all this software. Make sure that Fink or MacPorts is in your path; newer versions do a good job of doing this for you. It's quite possible for libraries installed via Fink/Macports to conflict with Apple libraries, which cause strange errors running GNUstep apps (like odd crashes and seg faults). In that cause you might want to hand-compile the libraries you need (only the tiff and libffi libraries are REALLY needed, everything else is basically optional). Remember you usually need root access to install software. That means when you see an instruction like 'make install', you usually need to use sudo ('sudo make install') or be logged in as root (not recommended). libxml2 (Optional, highly recommended, already in Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7 and later) libxslt (Optional) libtiff (Required) libjpeg (Optional, highly recommended - don't get from fink!) libpng (Optional, highly recommended) libffi (Required, from ftp.gnustep.org/pub/gnustep/libs) ffcall (On Darwin x86 - use instead of libffi) Xfree86 (Required, already in Mac OS X 10.3/Darwin 7 and later) libart2 (Required for art backend) freetype2 (Required for art backend) dlcompat (Required, already in Mac OS X 10.3 or later) Obtaining GNUstep ----------------- The main GNUstep project pages tell you how to get hold of this. You can get the latest release of the following libraries. You need these gnustep packages: GNUstep-make GNUstep-base GNUstep-gui GNUstep-back Targets ------- For GNUstep, there are several combinations of Objective-C runtime, Foundation library and Application Kit library possible, called library combos. The usual notation is: objcruntime-foundation-applicationkit Theoretically possible are: gnu-gnu-gnu # gnu-objc runtime with gnustep-base and gnustep-gui. # Most widely tested. apple-gnu-gnu # apple-objc runtime with gnustep libraries. Does # not work. apple-apple-gnu # Apple Foundation with gnustep-gui on the top. Only of # academic interest. apple-apple-apple # Cocoa with GNUstep additions. For porting GNUstep apps # to Cocoa. All gnu-*-apple library combos are purely theoretical and only available to the folks inside Apple since no mortal person ever saw the Cocoa source code. ;-) You can use either the Apple compiler or compile your own FSF compiler. This potentially gives two different targets: Apple GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu FSF GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu In addition, if you are on Mac OS X, you can also use the Apple Foundation and AppKit frameworks to do GNUstep development with Cocoa, but this only works with the Apple compiler: Apple GCC, apple-apple-apple GNUstep on Darwin x86 --------------------- For GNUstep on Darwin x86, Apple GCC compiles GNUstep-base, but causes strange problems when running programs (e.g. the program hangs while allocating memory or executes methods multiple times). So we have to use FSF GCC. Additionally, libffi has not been ported to Darwin x86, so you will need to install ffcall instead. NOTE: Has not been tested in a long time... GNUstep on Darwin PowerPC ------------------------- You can use either the Apple compiler of the FSF compiler. For the Apple compiler, you need at least Mac OS X 10.4 with XCode 2.5 release. Building FSF-GCC ---------------- The easiest way to get FSF GCC is through Fink or MacPorts. If you would like to compile by hand, follow these directions: Darwin x86: FSF GCC is difficult to compile here. The only way I could do it was like this: ln -s /usr/bin/c++filt /usr/bin/c++filt3 # Missing on Darwin 7.0.1 # x86 but not necessary # on OpenDarwin 7.2.1 and then configure GCC with: mkdir build # Create a sibling to the # toplevel source dir cd build /gcc-X.X.X/configure \ # Don't try to build c++ --enable-languages=c,objc make bootstrap make install cd /usr/local/lib ln -s libobjc.a libobjc.dylib # So the linker sees us (Replace X.X.X with the actual distribution you have). GCC on Darwin doesn't appear to support threads. Darwin PowerPC: Configure and build as follows (tested using gcc-3.3.2 on Mac OS X 10.2 and 10.3): mkdir build cd build /gcc-x.x.x/configure \ # The first option [--prefix=] \ # permits to change the [--enable-languages=c,objc] # fact GCC installs by # default in /usr/local # The second option # permits to speed the # GCC compilation in the # case you will not use # languages other than c # and objc make bootstrap make install cd /lib ln -s libobjc.a libobjc.dylib # So the linker sees us # Note when using gcc 4 or greater, make sure this is libobjc-gnu.dylib Setting up the GNUstep make environment --------------------------------------- In the GNUstep-make (core/make) package, do with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3): echo 'export CC=/bin/gcc' >> ~/.profile with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2): echo 'setenv CC /bin/gcc' >> ~/.tcshrc else use [CC=/bin/gcc] option when running configure. then: ./configure --with-library-combo=gnu-gnu-gnu \ [--prefix=] [CC=/bin/gcc] (apple-apple-apple is the default if you don't specify gnu-gnu-gnu). If you want to be able to compile for different targets/platforms together. Do this: ./configure --with-library-combo=gnu-gnu-gnu --disable-flattened \ --enable-multi-platform [--prefix=] \ [CC=/bin/gcc] Now: make make install Source GNUstep.sh ----------------- If you are using bourne shell like bash, type: . /System/Library/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh If you are using c shell like tcsh, type: source /System/Library/Makefiles/GNUstep.csh Building and installing libobjc (target Apple GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu only !!!) ------------------------------- Warning ! Don't compile libobjc if you are using FSF GCC. Go to gnustep-objc (or from CVS, into dev-libs/libobjc), and type: make install cd $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Libraries ln -s libobjc.dylib libobjc-gnu.dylib This should build and install the GNU Objective-C runtime and headers for you. Building and installing libffi (on Darwin PowerPC only !!!) ------------------------------ There's no official libffi release. Get the one from the GNUstep ftp site ./configure --prefix=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT \ --libdir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Libraries \ --includedir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Headers make make install Building and installing ffcall (on Darwin x86 only (may work on PPC)) ------------------------------ ./configure --prefix=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT \ --libdir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Libraries \ --includedir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Headers make make install Building and installing GNUstep-base ------------------------------------ ./configure [--with-xml-prefix=/usr] [--disable-xmltest] [--disable-do] \ [LDFLAGS=-L/sw/lib] [CPPFLAGS=-I/sw/include] [CC=/bin/gcc] \ [CPPFLAGS=-fnested-functions] To know which options you need to use with your environment: --disable-xmltest is needed with Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7 versions xml2-config tool and libxml2 headers reports differents versions, because of this versions conflict the GNUstep xmltest fails. --with-xml-prefix=/usr is needed with Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7 when you want to build the base library with xslt support and you have installed libxslt with Fink (because Fink installs lixml2 without the headers when you install lixslt, and by default the base library tries to link Fink libxml2 first, then the configuration fails because configure looks for the libxml2 headers). --disable-do is needed when you decide to not build libffi or ffcall. You probably do not want to do this. LDFLAGS=-L/sw/lib is needed when you installed libxslt with Fink and you want to compile the base library with libxslt support. CPPFLAGS=-I/sw/include is needed when you installed libxslt with Fink and you want to compile the base library with libxslt support. CPPFLAGS=-fnested-functions is required when using Apple gcc followed by: make make install On the apple-apple-apple target, it will only build the GNUstep additions library that adds extra stuff to Foundation. If you are using the apple-apple-apple target, there currently is no reason to go on and compile GNUstep-gui. Building and installing GNUstep-gui ----------------------------------- Go to GNUstep-gui (or from CVS into the core/gui directory). ./configure --disable-gsnd followed by: make make install Note: The gsnd server hasn't been ported to Mac OS X / Darwin yet. Some other configure options: --with-jpeg-library= --with-jpeg-include= to have the libjpeg detected. --disable-jpeg Building and installing GNUstep-back ------------------------------------ Warning ! You must have installed X11User.pkg from the Panther install disc and also X11SDK.pkg from the xCode Tools install disc to be able to compile GNUstep-back under Mac OS X 10.3. If you aren't installing GNUstep under Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7, you can use XDarwin (ftp://ftp.xfree86.org/pub/XFree86/4.3.0/binaries/Darwin-ppc-6.x/) for the X server, take a look at http://www.xdarwin.org In the back directory, type: ./configure make make install In the case, you choose to use the art backend, you will need to have the freetype2 and libart2 libraries installed, first be sure to have libart2 in your path, for example, with Fink installation type: export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/sw/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH NOTE: I found also that even though the X11SDK.pkg package has freetype2, it is missing a crucial include file and also has some undefined symbols. I had to install the freetype2-dev package from fink and add this to my path so that it could be found: PATH=/sw/lib/freetype/bin:$PATH make sure in config.make that -L/sw/lib/freetype2/lib is included before -L/usr/X11R6/lib (Adam Fedor ) Mac OS X 10.4 doesn't have this problem. You also need to have /sw/lib in your library path before running GNUstep apps with the art backend, as it needs to find libart2, so put the above export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH somewhere in your .profile (or do the export before launching an application). The backend architecture which GNUstep-gui is built upon, has been written to be used within X Windows, then you need to start up an X Server (like Apple X11) to run the GNUstep-gui applications. Warning ! With the art backend, before to launch applications based on GNUstep-gui, in the shell, don't forget to edit the defaults (no need it to redo it later): defaults write NSGlobalDomain XWindowBufferUseXShm NO because Apple X11 doesn't support well shared memory for buffering (which libart2 uses by default). POTENTIAL ERRORS WHEN RUNNING MAKE ESPECIALLY WITH BACK AND GUI --------------------------------------------------------------- If you get errors like below, just do: make clean make The second or the third time, the errors should disappear. It's probably due to some potential issues between FSF GCC and the libtool/ld Mac OS X / Darwin versions. Linking subproject x11 ... /usr/bin/ld: shared_obj/xdnd.o bad magic number (not a Mach-O file) collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make[3]: *** [shared_obj/subproject.o] Error 1 make[2]: *** [x11.all.subproject.variables] Error 2 make[1]: *** [libgnustep-back.all.bundle.variables] Error 2 make: *** [internal-all] Error 2 More informations on the art backend ------------------------------------ To have a working art backend... You will also need to download and install fonts, as it uses a specific font format. Use for example the file http://w1.423.telia.com/~u42308495/alex/backart/ArtResources-0.1.2.tar.bz2 and put the .nfont directories somewhere in $(GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT)/Library/Fonts Other fonts are available on http://www.knuddel.org/Downloads/Fonts/ Window Maker ------------ Window Maker is the traditional window manager for GNUstep. In the case you choose to use it, don't forget to execute wmaker.inst else Window Maker will crash with signal 10. Example with Fink, do: /sw/bin/wmaker.inst GNUstep daemons --------------- Refer to GNUstep-HOWTO to know how to launch GNUstep daemons. Note: If you try to start GNUstep daemons by hand with 'sudo opentool dameon', it won't work, because when you become root on Mac OS X / Darwin with sudo or su, the DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable of your user isn't used, then to start them in the shell, do: sudo opentool gdomap # gdomap doesn't rely on # the GNUstep libraries # or other special # librairies. su root then with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3): . $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Makesfiles/GNUstep.sh or with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2): source $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Makesfiles/GNUstep.csh and just do: opentool gdnc opentool gpbs GNUstep applications -------------------- Now you can install GNUstep applications like Gorm, ProjectCenter etc. Remember the fact that when you do 'sudo make install', the $DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH variable of your user is not used by root. In that case, GNUstep-make could complain for the undefined library path, the solution is identical to the one we used to launch the GNUstep daemons above: su root then with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3): . $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/MakeFiles/GNUstep.sh or with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2): . $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/MakeFiles/GNUstep.sh and just do: make install Note: upon launching applications like Project Center which links a framework, you will probably get an error message about the library .framework/ which cannot be found, to fix that, just create a symbolic link to the actual library file, which is installed deeper in the hierarchy: cd $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Frameworks/.framework sudo ln -s Versions//lib.dylib Example with the ProjectCenter framework (0.4.0 version): cd $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Frameworks/ProjectCenter.framework sudo ln -s Versions/0.4.0/libProjectCenter.dylib.0.4.0 ProjectCenter --- That's all.